Greek Enchiridion:

A Concise Handbook of Grammar for Translation and Exegesis

William Graham MacDonald

ii

Copyright © 2005 by

William Graham MacDonald

Copyright of electronic edition © 2005 by

BibleWorks, LLC

The NT Greek text used is that of Novum Testamentum Graece,

27th edition, edited by Kurt Aland et al., © 1993

Copyright of hard copy edition © 1986 by

Hendrickson Publishers

P.O. Box 3473

Peabody, MA 01961-3111

ISBN 0-913573-18-3

Contents

How to Use the Greek Enchiridion

1

§1 Verbs, Infinitives, Participles

3

Verb Forms

3

Voice

4

Kinds of Action

7

Aorist Tense

9

Present Tense

19

Imperfect Tense

27

Future Tense

31

Perfect Tense

35

Pluperfect Tense

39

Mood

41

Functions of Mood

43

Indicative Mood

43

Subjunctive Mood

44

Optative Mood

47

Imperative Mood

48

Prohibitions

50

Infinitives

51

Participles

55

Functions of the Participle

55

Substantival Participles

55

Adverbial Participles

56

Adjectival Participles

58

Verbal Participles

59

Key Declensions

61

§2 Nouns, Case Usage, Pronouns

63

Declensions of Nouns

63

Declensional Inflections

71

Case Distinctions

73

Vocative Case

74

Nominative Case

75

Genitive Case

79

Ablative Case

83

Dative Case

85

Instrumental Case

87

Locative Case

88

Accusative Case

89

Case and Use Analysis

94

Pronoun Paradigms

95

Coordination of Relative Pronouns

102

§3 Adjectives, Adverbs, Articles

107

Adjectives

107

Comparative and Superlative

108

Adverbs

111

Comparative and Superlative

111

Articles

113

Functions of the Article

115

Anarthrous Construction

118

Translation of Greek Article

120

Attributive Position

122

§4 Negatives, Conditional Sentences,  Prepositions, Accents, Conjunctions

123

Negatives

123

Conditional Sentences

126

Class 1 Conditions

127

Class 2 Conditions

128

Class 3 Conditions

129

Class 4 Conditions

130

Informal Implied Conditions

130

Irregularities in Use of Conditions

131

Prepositions

132

Accents

133

Proclitics and Enclitics

135

Conjunctions

137

§5 Textual Transcription Technique

139

Principles for Textual Transcription

140

1 Corinthians 11:2-5 Transcribed

142

Technical Guidelines

143

Philippians 3:17-20 Transcribed

151

Luke 6:27-3 Transcribed

152

§6 A Verb Bank of Principle Parts

153

§7 Indices

201

Index of Biblical Citations

201

Index of Key Terms and Paradigms

209

page 1

How to Use the Greek Enchiridion

This Enchiridion (evn  + cei,r + i;dion — 'in one's own hand') summarizes the fundamentals of Greek grammar and syntax in handbook format. It is serves as a concise reference manual for anyone who has been introduced to Greek by an introductory textbook and is ready to work at translation and exegesis.

Paradigms, principal parts of verbs, charts, systematic statements about usage, and the technique of textual transcription are featured. Placed within easy reach, the Greek Enchiridion will teach only when the one wanting to contemplate the grammatical structures accesses its help. This manual is designed to make it easy to look up grammatical relations about which one is uncertain. In many ways this grammatical compilation meets the expositor’s need to have before one's  eyes a compact summary of grammatical and exegetical supports. It is no shame to view in electronic memory rules and forms one does not use often enough to carry fully in one's head. This Enchiridion justifies itself on the same principle as that of a dictionary. It is meant to be consulted as a grammatical dictionary. (See the concluding, extensive Index of Key Terms and Paradigms.)

The Greek Enchiridion is designed for both deductive and inductive study. That is, following the presentation of each grammatical principle, illustrations in Greek texts are provided so that one can inspect and analyze the grammar (inductively), and not just hear it (deductively) in the stated principles.

For three cogent reasons, 96% of the illustrations provide only the Greek text and its biblical reference: (1) If translation is provided immediately following each line of Greek text, there exists the danger of forming a dependency relationship with it, thwarting the inductive value to be had in tracing out the meaning for oneself. All the while the safety net of the exact location of the translations in English Bibles is there should one really need to use them.

page 2

(2) Inclusions of translations would have the disadvantage of increasing the volume by about 36%, and even more disadvantageously, of separating grammatical captions by about twice the space, making it all the more difficult to see the entire configuration of a topical section at once.  The practice of miniaturization is the key to visualization; it produces a greater “depth of field” as in photography. (3) The examples chosen as far as possible employ easy vocabulary.

Most people seem to be taught beginning Greek from the same grammar from which their own teacher originally studied. For those whose introductory studies were from J. Gresham Machen's New Testament Greek for Beginners, the following components of this handbook will be new material: anarthrous constructions, the ablative, instrumental, and locative cases, the pluperfect tense, usage within tenses, the optative mood, and the grammar of conditions.

In the analysis of cases, the designations of both the Sanskritic eight-case and the Germanic five-case systems have been given on opposite ends of the same line. One can designate cases by the appropriate terms with which one feels most comfortable.

Considerable attention has been given to textual transcription because this process of making the text flow into its natural subordinations and parallels both requires grammatical understanding and further clarifies syntactical relationships in the process of detection.

This work has been influenced not a little by my Greek teachers of the mid-50s: Clarence B. Hale, Merrill C. Tenney, A. Berkeley Mickelsen, and Gerald F. Hawthorne, and a decade later, Frank Stagg. To each of these men I owe special thanks and appreciation.

page 3

1 Verbs, Infinitives, Participles, Verb Forms

The verb of a Greeksentence must be respected as its most important word as well as its most complex form.

Verb-Form Families:

-mi verbs:

di,dwmi,,, ti,qhmi, avpo,llumi

Theseare very old verbs; they have disappeared from modern Greek.

-w verbs:

lu,w, ble,pw, paideu,w

This is the most common verb family in biblical Greek.

Clans within the -w Verb Family:

-lu,w,-e,wand-o,w Contract Verbs:

avgapa,w  file,w tuflo,w

The short vowels are contracted out so that the dictionary form file,w becomes filw/ in the present indicative.

-lw,  -rw Liquid Verbs

(having a frictionless consonant —l, r—capableof being prolonged like a vowel):

avposte,llw.

Note the change in the liquid verb in the future tense:

avposte,llw, fut. = avpostelw/; ai;rw, fut. = avrw/.

-nw Nasal Verbs (a variation within liquid verbs)

me,nw, fut. = menw/.

page 4

Voice

The form indicating voice tells what to expect as to the relationship of the verb to its subject.

ActiveVoice:

The subject produces the action.The subject may be a noun, pronoun, or a proper noun, or be found in the person and number of the verb itself as seen in the following examples respectively:

h` ga.r au;rion merimnh,sei e`auth/j\ (Matt 6:34)

evkei/noj[ =  o` para,klhtoj ] marturh,sei peri. evmou/\  (John 15:26)

avne,bh Pe,troj eivj VIerousalh,m  (Acts 11:2)

Ti, ou=n evrou/men pro.j tau/taÈ  (Rom 8:31)

Passive Voice:

The subject is acted upon or receives the action. The verb has a different ending from the active voice, and this alerts the reader to the passive meaning.

de. Cristo.j khru,ssetai (1 Cor 15:12);   evdida,cqhte  (2 Thes 2:15)

The divine passive implies that God is the unspecified doer of the action.

kata. avpoka,luyin evgnwri,sqh moi to. musth,rion   (Eph 3:3)

page 5

Middle Voice:

Found in Greek but not in English, the middle voice seems to be a hybrid of the active and passive voices. With a reflexive force the subject produces and receives the action. The middle voice is to verbs what the dative case is to nouns; it has an interest “to” or “for” the subject, involving the subject in the consequences of the action. Compare the Hebrew Hithpael conjugation.

The middle forms are the same as the passive voice except in the future, future perfect, and first and second aorist. The ambiguity of the middle or passive forms of the present and perfect must be resolved from the context.

Contrast of the Active and Middle Voices of the Same Verb:

pei,qw: persuade,

Matt 27:20

pei,qomai: obey, believe [‘persuade oneself’]

Heb 13:17,18

avpe,cw: receive [‘have from’]

Matt 6:2

avpe,comai: abstain [‘keep oneself from’]

1 Thes 4:3

avpodi,wmi: pay [‘give from’]

Matt 20:8

avpodi,domai: sell [‘give for one's own profit’]

Acts 5:8

avpo,llumi: destroy,

Mark 1:24

avpo,llumai: commit suicide [‘destroy oneself’]

Mark 4:38

fai,nw: shine, give light,

John 5:35

fai,nomai: appear [‘give light to oneself’]

Matt 2:7

Regular Verbs:

A regular verb has six principal parts formed from the same root.

Present

Future

Aorist

Perfect-Active

Perfect-Middle

Passive

e.g.,

lu,w

lu,sw

e;lusa

le,luka

le,lumai

evlu,qhn

From these six principal parts all the tenses of the verb can be constructed or recognized.

For instance, the imperfect is built on the present stem, and the pluperfect is built on the perfect base.

page 6

Irregular Verbs:

An irregular Greek verb may have more than one way to spell a principal part, or in those  principal parts it does have, it shows they were derived from different roots. For example, like English verbal irregularity in go, went, gone [went originating from a different root], the Greek word  fe,rw illustrates irregularity: fe,rw  oi;sw  h;negka  evnh,noca  evnh,negmai  hvne,cqhn.

(The first three principal parts are heterogeneous, and the last four are homogeneous.)

DefectiveVerbs: These lack the forms for one or more voices. Numerous verbs are defective: e;rcomai, avgwni,zomai, seba,zomai, de,comai.

Deponent Verbs: These verbs are defective in the active voice but have an active meaning although they are middle or passive in form: e;rcomai ma,comai evpistamai.

Equative Verbs: Linking a noun with another noun or modifier, an equative verb (like eivmi,or gi,nomai): (1) does not take an object; (2) is not used in the passive voice.

Nominal Clauses:Sometimes the key nonverbal words of a clause or sentence are placed together without writing the implied verb to be that the translator can easily surmise.

kai. h` evlpi.j h`mw/n bebai,a u`pe.r u`mw/n (2 Cor 1:7)

pisteu,ete, moi o[ti evgw. evn tw/| patri. kai. o` path.r evn evmoi,\  (John 14:11)

page 7

Kinds of Verbal Action

Kind of action is the major consideration in Greek tenses. In English the time of the action (past, present, future) is primary. But in Greek a tense denotes how the action happens in terms of its being linear, punctiliar, completed, or undefined. It also indicates the time of the action in the indicative mood. Other moods determine the time for translational purposes from the context.

Simple Action:   Aorist Tense

English has no aorist tense with which to compare it. The Greek aorist simply predicates action without indication of initiation or termination, completeness or incompleteness. This simplicity is sometimes described as being punctiliar, as seeing the action as a whole:

pragmateu,sasqe evn w-| e;rcomaiÅ (“Trade [the assets] until I come”—Luke 19:13))

Symbol: a large   F

Note: The fallacy of thinking of the aorist as being a point in time (rather than a circle) can be seen in the following example:

tessera,konta kai. e]x e;tesin oivkodomh,qh o` nao.j ou-toj  (John 2:20).

page 8

Linear Action:

Imperfect tense and Present tense; sometimes the Future tense.

1. Continuous, progressive action:

to. fw/j evn th/| skoti,a| fai,nei (John 1:5).    Symbol: —————

2. Repeated action in a series, i.e., iterative:  Symbol: . . . . . . . . . . .

ch,ra de. h=n evn th/| po,lei evkei,nh| kai. h;rceto pro.j auvto.n  (Luke 18:3).

Punctiliar Action:

Context may indicate an Aorist, Present, or Future to be squeezed down to a temporal point. Symbol: •

Eivsh/lqen de. satana/j eivj VIou,dan  ( Luke 22:3)

avkou,wn eivpa,tw\ e;rcouÅ kai. o` diyw/n evrce,sqw (Rev 22:17)

evleu,somai de. tace,wj pro.j u`ma/j eva.n o` ku,rioj qelh,sh|  (1 Cor 4:19)

Completed Action:

Perfect and Pluperfect tenses; the action is culminated and endures as accomplished. Symbol: •—————

page 9

Aorist Tense

Structure of the Aorist Indicative:

First Aorist

act.:

augment  +  pres. stem  +  sav (3s =se)  +  secondary endings:

e; lu s a

mid.:

augment  +  pres. stem   +  sav

(2s =sw) +  secondary endings:

e; lu sav, mhn

pass.

augment  +  pres. stem   +  qh + secondary act. ends. n,  s,  -,  men, te,  san:

ev lu, qh n

Second Aorist

act.:

augment + aorist stem +  variable vowel + secondary act. ends.: | same as imperfect after stem;    ex. from lei,pw, not lu,w.

e; lip on

mid.:

augment + aorist stem +  variable vowel + secondary mid. ends.: | same as imperfect after stem.

ev lip o, mhn

pass.:

augment + aorist stem + h + secondary act. ends. n,  s,  -,  men, te,  san:

ev li,p h n

Translational Options of the Indicative Mood into English:

Because the aorist tense simply denotes occurrence without reference to initiation, progress, completion, it is usually translated from the indicative mood by a past tense. (The other moods will not be bound to show this past aspect of the aorist indicative).

Active:

e;luse—he loosed;

e;lipe—he lacked

Middle:

evlu,sato—he loosed himself;

evli,peto—he fell short of himself

Passive:

evlu,qh—he was loosed;

evli,ph—he was in need.

page 10

Uses of the Aorist Tense:

1. Pure Aorist:

The action is characteristically viewed as a whole.

The action may have endured over a period of time seen as a whole:

[~Hrw,|dhj] evfobh,qh to.n o;clon( o[ti w`j profh,thn auvto.n [VIwa,nnhj] ei=con  (Matt 14:5).

The action may have comprised telescoped events seen as a whole:

o` qeo.j lalh,saj toi/j patra,sin evn toi/j profh,taij 2  evpV evsca,tou tw/n h`merw/n tou,twn evla,lhsen h`mi/n evn ui`w/|  (Heb 1:1-2).

The whole action may have taken only an instant:  evpau,sato lalw/n  (Luke 5:4)

Action not yet accomplished may be viewed as a whole:

a=ron to. so.n kai. u[pageÅ (Matt 20:14).

2. Literary Aorist:

A writer writes with the perspective of the reader after a letter arrives:

Tau/ta e;graya u`mi/n peri. tw/n planw,ntwn u`ma/jÅ  (1 John 2:26).

3. Periphrastic Aorist Construction:

This is a construction rather than a use and occurs only once in the NT—Luke 23:19 (Robertson, GGNTLHR, p. 375).

page 11

Paradigms of the Aorist Indicative Active

First Aorist: lu,w

Second Aorist:  lei,pw

Active

Middle

Passive

Active

Middle

Passive

e;lusa

evlusa,mhn

evlu,qhn

e;lipon

evlipo,mhn

evli,phn

e;lusaj

evlu,sw

evlu,qhj

e;lipej

evli,pou

evli,phj

e;luse

evlu,sato

evlu,qh

e;lipe

evli,peto

evli,ph

evlu,samen

evlusa,meqa

evlu,qhmen

evli,pomen

evlipo,meqa

evli,phmen

evlu,sate

evlu,sasqe

evlu,qhte

evli,pete

evli,pesqe

evli,phte

evlu,san

evlu,santo

evlu,qhsan

e;lipon

evli,ponto

evli,phsan

Liquid-Nasal Aorist:  fai,nw

Active

Middle

Passive

e;fhna

evfhna,mhn

evfa,nhn

e;fhnaj

evfh,nw

evfa,nhj

e;fhne

evfh,nato

evfa,nh

evfh,namen

evfhna,meqa

evfa,nhmen

evfh,nate

evfh,nasqe

evfa,nhsan

e;fhnan

evfh,nanto

evfa,nhsan

The third letter of the Active and Middle voices is often a as it is in the Passive voice.

page 12

More Paradigms of the First Aorist:

Active Voice (lu,w)

Subjunctive

Optative

Imperative

Infinitive

Participle

lu,sw

lu,saimi

lu,saj

nom. s. m

lu,sh|j

lu,saij

lu/son

lu,sasa

nom. s. f

lu,sh|

lu,sai

lusa,tw

lu/san

nom. s. n.

lu,swmen

lu,saimen

lu,shte

lu,saite

lu,sate

lu,swsi

lu,saien

lusa,ntwn

sa,twsan

lu/sai

First Aorist: Middle Voice

Subjunctive

Optative

Imperative

Infinitive

Participle

lu,swmai

lusai,mhn

lusa,menoj

nom. s. m

lu,sh|

lu,saio

lu/sai

lusame,nh

nom. s. f

lu,shtai

lu,saito

lusa,sqw

lusa,menon

nom. s. n.

lusw,meqa

lusai,meqa

lu,shsqe

lu,saisqe

lu,sasqe

lu,swntai

lu,sainto

lusa,sqwn

sqwsan

lu,sasqai

page 13

Additional Paradigms of the Second Aorist: Active Voice (lei,pw)

First Aorist: Middle Voice

Subjunctive

Optative

Imperative

Infinitive

Participle

li,pw

li,poimi

lipw,n

nom. s. m

li,ph|j

li,poij

li,pe

lipou/sa

nom. s. f

li,ph|

li,poi

lipe,tw

li,pon

nom. s. n.

li,pwmen

li,poimen

li,phte

li,poite

li,pete

li,pwsi

li,poien

lipo,ntwn

e,twsan

lipei/n

Second Aorist: Middle Voice (lei,pw)

Subjunctive

Optative

Imperative

Infinitive

Participle

li,pwmai

lipoi,mhn

lipo,menoj

nom. s. m

li,ph|

li,poio

lipou/

lipome,nh

nom. s. f

li,phtai

li,poito

lipe,sqw

lipo,menon

nom. s. n.

lipw,meqa

lipoi,meqa

li,phsqe

li,poisqe

li,pesqe

li,pwntai

li,pointo

lipe,sqwn

stwsan

lipe,sqai

page 14

Additional Paradigms of the First Aorist: Passive Voice

First Aorist: Passive Voice

Subjunctive

Optative

Imperative

Infinitive

Participle

luqw/

luqei,hn

luqei,j

nom. s. m

luqh/j

luqei,hj

lu,qhti

luqei/sa

nom. s. f

luqh|/

luqei,h

luqh,tw

luqe,n

nom. s. n.

luqw/men

luqei,hmen

luqh/te

luqei,hte

lu,qhte

luqw/si

luqei,hsan

luqe,ntwn

qh,twsan

luqh/nai

Additional Paradigms of the Second Aorist: Passive Voice

Second Aorist: Passive Voice

Subjunctive

Optative

Imperative

Infinitive

Participle

lipw/

lipei,j

nom. s. m

liph/j

li,phqi

lipei/sa

nom. s. f

liph|/

liph,tw

lipe,n

nom. s. n.

lipw/men

liph/te

li,phte

lipw/?si

lipe,ntwn

h,twsan

liph/nai

page 15

Paradigms of the  mi Conjugation (di,dwmi)

Second Aorist Active

Indicative

Subjunctive

Imperative

Infinitive

Participle

e;dwka

dw/

dou,j

nom. s. m

e;dwkaj

dw|/j

do,j

dou/sa

nom. s. f

e;dwke

dw|/

do,tw

do,n

nom. s. n.

evdw,kamen

dw/men

evdw,kate

dw/te

do,te

e;dwkan

dw/si

do,ntwn

twsan

dou/nai

Second Aorist Middle

Indicative

Subjunctive

Imperative

Infinitive

Participle

edo,mhn

dw/mai

do,menoj

nom. s. m

e;dou

dw|/

dou/

dome,nh

nom. s. f

e;doto

dw/tai

do,sqw

do,menon

nom. s. n.

evdo,meqa

dw,meqa

e;dosqe

dw/sqe

do,sqe

e;donto

dw/ntai

do,sqwn

sqwsan

do,sqai

page 16

Paradigms of the  mi Conjugation: [Second] Aorist Passive

[ Second Aorist ] Passive

Indicative

Subjunctive

Imperative

Infinitive

Participle

evdo,qhn

doqw/

doqei,j

nom. s. m

evdo,qhj

doqh/|j

do,qhti

doqsi/sa

nom. s. f

evdo,qh

doqh|/

doqh,tw

doqe,n

nom. s. n.

evdo,qhmen

doqw/men

evdo,qhte

doqh/te

do,qhte

evdo,qhsan

doqw/si

doqe,ntwn

h,twsan

doqh/nai

Paradigms of Liquid-Nasal Aorist Passive in the Oblique Moods (fai,nw)

Indicative

Subjunctive

Imperative

Infinitive

Participle

fanw/

fanei,j

nom. s. m

fa,nh/j

fa,nhqi

favnei/sa

nom. s. f

fa,h/|

fanh,tw

fane,n

nom. s. n.

fanw/men

fanh/te

fa,nhte

fanw/si

fane,ntwn

h/twsan

fanh/nai

page 17

Paradigms of the Liquid-Nasal Aorist Oblique Moods

Active Voice  (fai,nw)

Indicative

Subjunctive

Imperative

Infinitive

Participle

fh,nw

fh,naj

nom. s. m

fh,nh|j

fh/non

fh,nasa

nom. s. f

fh,nh|

fhna,tw

fh/nan

nom. s. n.

fh,nwmen

fh,nhte

fh,nate

fh,nwsi

fhna,ntwn

a,twsan

fh/nai

Middle Voice (fai,nw)

Indicative

Subjunctive

Imperative

Infinitive

Participle

fh,nwmai

fhna,menoj

nom. s. m

fh,nh|

fhname,nh

nom. s. f

fh,nhtai

fh/nai

fhna,menon

nom. s. n.

fhnw,meqa

fha,sqw

fh,nhsqe

fh,nasqe

fh,nwntai

fhna,sqwn

a,sqwsan

fh,nasqai

page 19

Present Tense

Structure:

present stem

+ variable vowel (if any)

+  primary endings: lu, w

(dictionary form

less endings)

o or e

(before consonants)

Active

1s

2s

3s

[w]

[ei]j

[ei]

1p

2p

3p

men

te

si

Passive

1s

2s

3s

mai

[sai]

tai

1p

2p

3p

meqa

sqe

ntai

Translational Options of the Indicative Mood in English:

Active

lu,ei

Middle

lu,etai

regular

he looses

regular

he looses himself

progressive

he is loosing

progressive

he is loosing himself

emphatic

he does loose

emphatic

he does loose himself

iterative

he keeps loosing

iterative

he keeps loosing himself

historical

he loosed

historical

he loosed himself

futuristic

he will loose

futuristic

he will loose himself

Passive

regular

he is loosed

progressive

he is being loosed

iterative

he keeps being loosed

historical

he was loosed

futuristic

he will be loosed

page 20

Uses of the Present Tense:

1. Continuous Present: The action endures without cessation:

o` ko,smoj ouv ginw,skei h`ma/j  (1 John 3:1).

2. Iterative Present: Continual action under the right conditions is predicated. This use may also be called the Proverbial Present:

e[kastoj de. peira,zetai u`po. th/j ivdi,aj evpiqumi,aj  (James 1:14).

3. Historical Present: With the excitement of present action, a present verb can narrate what actually transpired in antecedent time:

e;rcetai o` Fi,lippoj kai. le,gei tw/| VAndre,a|  (John 12:22).

4. Futuristic Present: A future act is so certain in the writer’s thought that it is contemplated by him as if it were going on at the time of speaking:

i;de a;gw u`mi/n auvto.n e;xw( . . . 5  evxh/lqen ou=n o` VIhsou/j e;xw  (John 19:4-5).

5. Immediate Present: The action continues momentarily:

Aivne,a( iva/tai, se VIhsou/j Cristo,j\ (Acts 9:34)

6. Periphrastic Present Construction: present of eivmi, + present participle

eu`rh,kamen to.n Messi,an( o[ evstin meqermhneuo,menon cristo,jÅ (John 1:41)

page 21

Paradigms of the Present Tense

Active Voice  lu,w

Indicative

Subjunctive

Optative

Imperative

Infinitive

1s

lu, w

lu, w

lu, oi mi

2s

lu, eij

lu, h|j

lu, oi j

lu/ e

3s

lu, ei

lu, h|

lu, oi

lu e, tw

1p

lu, o men

lu, w men

lu, oi men

2p

lu, e te

lu, h te

lu, oi te

lu, e te

3p

lu, ousi

lu, w si

lu, oi en

lu o, ntwn

e, twsan

lu, ein

Participle:  lu,wn, lu,ousa, lu,on, etc., ‘loosing’ (full paradigm, p. 61)

Indicative

Subjunctive

I loose

I should loose

I may loose

I might loose

1p let us loose  s.o. or s.t.

Optative

Imperative

Infinitive

I ought to loose

I would loose

2s loose

3s cause him to loose

let [= make] him loose s.o. or s.t.

2p [all of you] loose

3p make them loose s.o. or s.t.

cause them to loose

to loose

page 22

Middle and Passive Voice of the Present Tense:  lu,w

Middle and Passive Voice  lu,w

Indicative

Subjunctive

Optative

Imperative

Infinitive

1s

lu, o mai

lu, w mai

lu oi, mhn

2s

lu, h|

lu, h|

lu, oi o

lu, ou

3s

lu, e tai

lu, h tai

lu, oi to

lu e, sqw

1p

lu o, meqa

lu w, meqa

lu oi, meqa

2p

lu, e sqe

lu, h sqe

lu, oi sqe

lu, e sqe

3p

lu, o ntai

lu, w ntai

lu, oi nto

lu e, sqwn

sqwsan

lu, e sqai

Participles (paradigm, p. 62)

Indicative

Subjunctive

I am loosing myself

I am being loosed

I might loose myself

I may loose myself

I should loose myself

1p Let us loose ourselves

3s let/make him loose  himself

[Pres. subjn. is  rare in NT]

Optative

Imperative

Infinitive

I would loose myself

[Pres. opt. is rare in NT]

2s loose yourself , be loose

2p loose yourselves; be loose

3p cause them to loose themselves

to loose oneself

to be loose

page 23

More Paradigms of the Present Tense: Contract Verbs

Active Voice of the Contract Verbs:  plana,w,  lale,w

Indicative

Subjunctive

Imperative

Infinitive

Participle

planw/

planw/

planw/n

nom. s. m

plana|/j

plana|/j

pla,na

planw/sa

nom. s. f

plana|/

plana|/

plana,tw

planw/n

nom. s. n.

planw/men

planw/men

plana/te

plana/te

plana/te

planw/si

planw/si

planw,ntwn

a,twsan

plana/n

lalw/

lalw/

lalw/n

nom. s. m.

lalei/j

lalh|/j

la,lei

lalou/sa

nom. s. f.

lalei/

lalh|/

lalei,tw

lalou/n

nom. s. n.

lalou/men

lalw/men

lalei/te

lalh/te

lalei/te

lalou/si

lalw/si

lalou,ntwn

ei,twsan

lalei/n

page 24

Present Tense of an Omicron Contract Verb in the Active Voice: plhro,w

Active Voice of the Contract Verbs:  plana,w,  lale,w

Indicative

Subjunctive

Imperative

Infinitive

Participle

plhrw/

plhrw/

plhrw/n

nom. s. m

plhroi/j

plhroi/j

plh,rou

plhrou/sa

nom. s. f

plhpoi/

plhpoi/

plhpou,tw

plhrou/n

nom. s. n.

plhrou/men

plhrw/men

plhrou/te

plhrw/te

plhrou/te

plhrou/si

plhrw/si

plhrou/ntwn

ou,twsan

plhrou/n (Luke 9:31)

Present Tense of a  mi Verb in the Active Voice:  di,dwmi

Indicative

Subjunctive

Imperative

Infinitive

Participle

di,dwmi

didw/

didou,j

nom. s. m

di,dwj

didw|/j

di,dou

didou/sa

nom. s. f

di,wsi

didw|/

dido,tw

dido,n

nom. s. n.

di,domen

didw/men

di,dote

didw/te

di,dote

dido,asi

didw/si

dido,ntwn

o,twsan

dido,nai

page 25

Present Tense of Alpha Contract Verb—Middle or Passive Voice:  plana,w

Indicative

Subjunctive

Imperative

Infinitive

Participle

planw/mai

same as ind.

planw,menoj

nom. s. m

plana/|

ß

planw/

planwme,nh

nom. s. f

plana/tai

ß

plana,sqw

planw,menon

nom. s. n.

planw,meqa

ß

plana/sqe

ß

plana/sqe

planw/ntai

ß

plana,sqwn

a,sqwsan

plana/sqai

Present Tense of Epsilon Contract Verb—Middle or Passive Voice:  lale,w

Indicative

Subjunctive

Imperative

Infinitive

Participle

lalou/mai

lalw/mai

lalou,menoj

nom. s. m

lalh/|

lalh/|

lalou/

laloume,nh

nom. s. f

lalei/tai

lalh/tai

lalei/sqw

lalou,menon

nom. s. n.

lalou,meqa

lalw,meqa

lalei/sqe

lalh/sqe

lalei/sqe

lalou/vtai

lalw/ntai

lalei,sqwn

ei,sqwsan

lalei/sqai

page 26

Present Tense of Omicron Contract Verb Middle or Passive Voice: plhro,w

Indicative

Subjunctive

Imperative

Infinitive

Participle

plhrou/mai

plhrw/mai

plhrou,menoj

nom. s. m

plhroi/

plhroi/

plhrou/

plhroume,nh

nom. s. f

plhrou/tai

plhrw/tai

plhrou,sqw

plhrou,menon

nom. s. n.

plhrou,meqa

plhrw,meqa

plhrou/sqe

plhrw/sqe

plhrou/sqe

plhrou/ntai

plhrw/ntai

plhrou,sqwn

ou,sqwsan

plhrou/sqai

Present Tense of a  mi Verb Middle or Passive Voice:  di,dwmi

Indicative

Subjunctive

Imperative

Infinitive

Participle

di,domai

didw/mai

dido,menoj

nom. s. m

di,dosai

didw|/

di,doso

didome,nh

nom. s. f

di,dotai

didw/tai

dido,sqw

dido,menon

nom. s. n.

dido,meqa

didw,meqa

di,dosqe

didw/sqe

di,dosqe

di,dontai

didw/ntai

dido,sqwn

swsan

di,dosqai

page 27

Imperfect Tense

Structure:

augment

+  present stem

+  any variable vowels

+  secondary endings:  e; lu on

e

(lex. form less

ending)

o or e

(before consonants)

act.  =  n,  j,  -, men,, te,, n.

pass. = mhn, [ou], to, meqa, sqe, nto.

Translation Options of the Imperfect Indicative:

Active:  e;lue

Middle: evlu,eto

Passive:  evlu,eto

he was loosing

he kept on loosing

he used to loose

he loosed and loosed and loosed

he was loosing himself

he kept loosing himself

he used to loose himself

he was being loosed

he kept being loosed

Uses of the Imperfect Tense:

1. Continuous Imperfect  The action continues in the past to a less remote past—often right up to the present :

h`mei/j de. hvlpi,zomen o[ti auvto,j evstin  (Luke 24:21).

2. Iterative Imperfect: Continual action (i.e., repeated) is predicated as contrasted with continuous action.

kaqV h`me,ran evn tw/| i`erw/| evkaqezo,mhn dida,skwn (Matt 26:55).

page 28

3. Inceptive Imperfect: Continued action was begun in the past:

Îeuvqe,wjÐ . . .  evlu,qh o` desmo.j th/j glw,sshj auvtou/ kai. evla,lei ovrqw/jÅ|  (Mark 7:35).

4. Inferential Imperfect: A second class conditional sentence translates the imperfect in the apodosis by “could” or “would” as most apropriate:

ei=pen auvtoi/j o` VIhsou/j\ eiv o` qeo.j path.r u`mw/n h=n, hvgapa/te a'n evme,  (John 8:42).

5. Periphrastic Imperfect Construction: imperfect of eivmi, + present participle. This use expresses continued action in the past.

eu`rh,kamen to.n Messi,an( o[ evstin meqermhneuo,menon cristo,jÅ (Luke 1:21)

Paradigms of the Imperfect:

Active Voice

Middle or Passive Voice

1s

e; lu o n

1p

ev lu, o men

ev lu o, mhn

ev lu o, meqa

2s

e; lu e j

2p

ev lu, e te

ev lu, ou

ev lu, e sqe

3s

e; lu e

3p

e; lu o n

ev lu, e to

ev lu, o nto

I was loosing

I was loosing myself [or]

I was being loosed

page 29

Imperfect of Contract Verbs

Structure: augment + present stem + lengthened vowel or diphthong + secondary endings

Imperfect Active

Imperfect Middle or Passive

evpla,nwn

evla,loun

evplh,roun

evplhnw,mhn

evlalou,mhn

evplhrou,mhn

evpla,naj

evla,leij

evplh,rouj

evplanw/

evlalou/

evplhrou/

evpla,na

evla,lei

evplh,rou

evplana/to

evlalei/to

evplhrou/to

evplanw/men

evlalou/men

evplhrou/men

evplanw,meqa

evlalou,meqa

evplhrou,meqa

evplana/te

evlalei/te

evplhrou/te

evplana/sqe

evlalei/sqe

evplhrou/sqe

evpla,nwn

evla,loun

evplh,roun

evplanw/nto

evlalou/nto

evplhrou/nto

Imperfect of mi Verbs

Structure: augment + present stem (ending usually in a short vowel) + secondary endings

Imperfect Active

Imperfect Middle or Passive

evpla,nwn

evla,loun

evplh,roun

evplhnw,mhn

evlalou,mhn

evplhrou,mhn

evpla,naj

evla,leij

evplh,rouj

evplanw/

evlalou/

evplhrou/

evpla,na

evla,lei

evplh,rou

evplana/to

evlalei/to

evplhrou/to

evplanw/men

evlalou/men

evplhrou/men

evplanw,meqa

evlalou,meqa

evplhrou,meqa

evplana/te

evlalei/te

evplhrou/te

evplana/sqe

evlalei/sqe

evplhrou/sqe

evpla,nwn

evla,loun

evplh,roun

evplanw/nto

evlalou/nto

evplhrou/nto

Imperfect Active

Imperfect Middle or Passive

evdi,doun

evti,qhn

evdido,mhn

evtiqe,mhn

evdi,douj

evti,qeij

evdi,doso

evti,qeso

evdi,dou

evti,qei

evdi,doto

evti,qeto

evdi,domen

evti,qemen

evdido,meqa

evtiqe,meqa

evdi,dote

evti,qete

evdi,dosqe

evti,qesqe

evdi,dosan

evti,qesan

evdi,donto

evti,qento

page 31

Future Tense

Structures of the Regular lu,w type Futures

Active:

A “s” occurs post-stem in the present active: lu, s w

Middle:

A “s” occurs post-stem in the present middle: lu, s o mai

Passive:

A “qh” occurs post-stem in the future middle: lu qh, s o mai

Future-Perfect Passive:

Reduplication precedes the future middle: le lu, s o mai

Translational Options for the Future Indicative:

Active

Middle

lu,sei

lu,setai

he will loose

he will continue to loose

(i.e., he will be loosing)

he will loose himself

he will continue to loose himself

(i.e., he will be loosing himself)

Passive

Future-Perfect Passive

luqh,setai

lelu,setai

he will be loosed

he will have been loosed

page 32

Uses of the Future Tense:

1. Punctiliar Future: The action is conceived as one event yet to happen:

to,te fanh,setai to. shmei/on  (Matt 24:30)

2. Linear Future: The action will continue throughout a future time:

o` evnarxa,menoj evn u`mi/n e;rgon avgaqo.n evpitele,sei a;cri h`me,raj Cristou/ VIhsou/ (Phil 1:6)

3. Aphoristic Future: The wisdom of proverbs often is expressed with a future outlook:

o] ga.r eva.n spei,rh| a;nqrwpoj( tou/to kai. qeri,sei\ (Gal 6:7)

h` avlh,qeia evleuqerw,sei u`ma/jÅ (John 8:32)

4. Volitional Future: The will of someone is expressed as intention or command. This use— frequent in the LXX—occurs in the NT mostly in quotations from the OT.

proseu,xomai tw/| pneu,mati (1 Cor 14:15);  ouvk evpiqumh,seijÅ (Rom 7:7)

5. Periphrastic Future Construction:

(1) The future tense of eivmi, + a present participle:

kai. e;sesqe misou,menoi u`po. pa,ntwn  (Luke 21:17)

(2) The use of some form of me,llw + an infinitive:

shmai,nwn poi,w| qana,tw| h;mellen avpoqnh,|skein  (John 12:33)

page 33

Paradigms of the Future Tense Indicative

Active

Middle

Passive

Future-Perfect Passive

lu, s w

lu, s o mai

lu qh, s o mai

le lu, s o mai

lu, s eij

lu, s h|

lu qh, s h|

le lu, s h|

lu, s ei

lu, s e tai

lu qh, s e tai

le lu, s e tai

lu, s o men

lu s o, meqa

lu qh s o, meqa

le lu, s o, meqa

lu, s e te

lu, s e sqe

lu qh, s e sqe

le lu, s e sqe

lu, s ousi

lu, s o ntai

lu qh, s o ntai

le lu, s o ntai

I shall loose

I shall loose myself

I shall be loosed

I shall have been loosed

Paradigms of the Future Tense Optative

lu, s oi mi

lu, s oi mhn

lu qh s oi, mhn

le lu s oi, mhn

lu, s oij

lu, s oi o

lu, qh, s oi o

le lu, s oi o

lu, s oi

lu, s oi to

lu qh, s oi to

le lu, s oi to

lu, s oi men

lu s oi, meqa

lu qh s oi, meqa

le lu s oi, meqa

lu, s oi te

lu, s oi sqe

lu qh, s oi sqe

le lu, s oi sqe

lu, s oi en

lu, s oi nto

lu qh, s oi nto

le lu, s oi nto

I would loose

I would loose myself

I would be loosed

I would have been loosed

(All of these optative meanings are those used in indirect discourse.)

page 34

More Paradigms of the Future Tense:

Infinitive:

Active

Middle

Passive

Future-Perfect Passive

lu, s ein

lu, s e sqai

lu qh, s e sqai

le lu, s e sqai

Participle:

nom. s.  m.

lu, s wn

lu s o, menoj

lu qh s o, menoj

le lu s o, menoj

nom. s. f.

lu, s ousa

lu s o me,nh

lu qh s o me,nh

le lu s o me,nh

nom. s. n.

lu/ s on

lu s o, menoj

lu qh s o, menon

le lu s o, menon

Note: The endings of all the future participles in all cases both

singular and plural are exactly like those of the present participles.

Liquid-Nasal Future Tense

Structure: The liquid-nasal future is like the regular future except for the following:

1. omission of "s" in the active and middle voices and "q" in the passive.

2. lengthening of the variable vowels "o" to "ou" in active and middle; "e" to "ou" in active and middle.

3. use of circumflex with any w/,  h|/,  ei/, or ou/ after the stem (exception: menou,meqa— 1p fut. mid. me,nw).

Paradigms:

Active

Middle

Passive

me,nw

menou/men

menou/mai

menou/meqa

menh,somai

menhso,meqa

menei/j

menei/te

menh/|

menei/sqe

menh,sh|

menh,sesqe

menei/

menou/si

menei/tai

menou/ntai

menh,setai

menh,sontai

page 35

Perfect Tense

Structure of the Perfect Indicative:

First Perfect:

Active: reduplication + present stem + ka (3s = ke) + primary act. ends:

le, lu ka (1s)

-,  j, -[e],  men,  te,  si or n.

Middle/Passive: reduplication + present stem + primary endings:

le, lu mai

mai,  sai,  tai,  meqa,  sqe,  ntai.

Second Perfect:

Active: reduplication + perfect stem + a (3s = e) + primary endings:

pe, ponq a  < pa,scw

The second perfect occurs only in the active voice.

Translational Options for the Perfect Indicative:

le,luke  he has loosed

le,lutai   he has loosed himself  (active);  he has been loosed (passive).

pe,ponqe  he has suffered; (or) he suffers (intensive)

page 36

Uses of the Perfect Tense:

1. Pure Perfect:    Completed action with lasting effects is emphasized:

peplhrw,kate th.n VIerousalh.m th/j didach/j u`mw/n  (Acts 5:28)

2. Intensive Perfect: This is the strongest way of saying something exists or some state is. This use recognizes the existing-result character of the perfect tense. It normally, therefore, will be translated into English by the present tense.

h`mei/j pepisteu,kamen kai. evgnw,kamen o[ti su. ei= o` a[gioj tou/ qeou/Å  (John 6:69).

3. Periphrastic Perfect Construction: present tense of eivmi, + perfect participle

pepeisme,noj ga,r evstin VIwa,nnhn profh,thn ei=naiÅ  (Luke 20:6)

This periphrastic construction (pres. eivmi, + pf. ptc.) is retained when  eivmi, is in the subjunctive mood.

ouvdei.j du,natai evlqei/n pro,j me eva.n mh. h=| dedome,non auvtw/| evk tou/ patro,jÅ  (John 6:65)

4. Periphrastic Future-Perfect Construction: future of eivmi + perfect participle:

“The simple Future Perfect [Active] does not occur in the NT.” (Burton, NTMT, p. 45).

o[sa eva.n lu,shte evpi. th/j gh/j e;stai lelume,na evn ouvranw/|Å  (Matt 18:18).

page 37

Paradigms of the Regular (or First) Perfect Active:

Indicative

Subjunctive

Optative

Infinitive

le, lu ka

le lu, k w

le lu, k oi mi

le lu k e, nai

le, lu kaj

le lu, k h|j

le lu, k oi j

—to have loosed

le, lu ke

le lu, k h|

le lu, k oi

le lu, k a men

le lu, k w men

le lu, k oi men

Participle —having loosed

le lu, k a te

le lu, k h te

le lu, k oi te

le lu k w,j

nom. s. m.

le lu, k a si

k a n

le lu, k w si

le lu, k oi en

le lu k ui/a

nom. s. f.

le lu k o,j

nom. s. n.

I have loosed

I should have loosed

may/might

I would have loosed

[No ex. of pf. opt.

(reg. or  periph.) in NT]

Paradigms of the Regular (or First) Perfect Middle or Passive:

le, lu mai

le, lu sai

le, lu tai

le lu, meqa

le, lu sqe

le, lu ntai

le lu me,noj (ptc.)

+ pres. subjn.

of eivmi, (= w=

h|=j, h|=, w=men,

h=|te, w/si)

le lu me,noj+ pres. opt. of eivmi,

(= ei;hn, ei;hj, ei;h, ei;hmen,

ei;hte, ei;hsan)

I have loosed myself

I have been loosed

I should/might have

been loosed [or]

May I be loosed

I would have been loosed

[or] Would that I be loosed

page 38

Second (k-less) Perfect of the Active Verb (pei,qw)

Indicative

Subjunctive

Optative

Participle

pe, poiq a

pe poi,q w

pe poi,q oi mi

pe poiq w,j

nom. s. m

pe, poiq aj

pe poi,q h|j

pe poi,q oi j

pe poiq ui/a

nom. s. f.

pe, poiq e

pe poi,q h|

pe poi,q oi

pe poiq o,j

nom. s. n.

pe poi,q a men

pe poi,q w men

pe poi,q oi men

having trusted in . . .

pe poi,q a te

pe poi,q h te

pe poi,q oi te

pe poi,q a si

pe poi,q w si

pe poi,q oi en

I have trusted in  . . .

I should have

trusted in . . .

I would have

trusted in . . .

Rules for Reduplication:

c

reduplicates as

kec

f

"           "

pef

q

"           "

teq

s

"           "

evs [exception: se,swka < sw,|zw]

z

"           "

evz

x

"           "

evx

Contractions: verb stems ending in a mute

at soft palate (velar)

k, g, c   +  s

=    x

at teeth (dental)

t, d, q, z  +  s

=  s

at lips (labial)

p, b, f  +  s

=  y

k, g, c  +   q

=   cq

t, d, q, z  +   q

=  sq

p, n, g    +   q

=   fq

page 39

Pluperfect  Tense

Structure of the Pluperfect Indicative:

Active: augment + reduplication + present stem + kei + secondary act. ends.: ev le lu, kei n (1s)

-,  j, -,  men,  te,  si or n.

Middle/Passive: augment + reduplication + present stem + secondary mid. endings:  ev le lu, mhn

mhn,  so,  to,  meqa,  sqe,  nto.

Second Pluperfect: In analogy to the second perfect, certain irregular verbs like oi=da [second perfect], h;|dein [second pluperfect] omit or compress the augment and reduplication, have a perfect stem (instead of present), and omit the k before the secondary endings.

Pluperfects occur only in the indicative mood.

Translational Options with the Complete Paradigms of the Pluperfect:

Active:

Middle/Passive:

ev le lu, kei n

ev le lu, mhn

ev le lu, kei j

ev le, lu so

ev le lu, kei

he had loosed

ev le, lu to

he had loosed himself

[or] he had been loosed

ev le lu, kei men

ev le lu, meqa

ev le lu, kei te

ev le, lu sqe

ev le lu, kei san

ev le, lu nto

page 40

Uses of the Pluperfect Tense:

The pluperfect is the perfect indicative of past time; therefore, the uses of this tense are comparable to those of the perfect tense.

1. Pure Pluperfect: The basic pluperfect expresses completed action with a resultant state as occurring in past time.

Mari,a| th/| Magdalhnh/|( parV h-j evkbeblh,kei e`pta. daimo,niaÅ (Mark 16:9).

2. Intensive Pluperfect:As does the perfect, this use emphasizes a completion whose continued state still stands, making a translation into English in the present tense appropriate. It suits well verbs of seeing, knowing, understanding, and believing.

pare,qento auvtou.j tw/| kuri,w| eivj o]n pepisteu,keisanÅ  (Acts 14:23).

3. Periphrastic Pluperfect Construction: imperfect  tense of eivmi, + perfect participle. The pluperfect meaning (pure or intensive) is achieved without the use of the pluperfect tense:

gunai/ke,j tinej ai] h=san teqerapeume,nai  (Luke 8:2).

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Mood

Mood signifies (by its conjugational forms) the manner by which predication is made.

1. Definite predication is made by the indicative mood in any tense.

e;rcontai pro.j to.n VIhsou/n  (Mark 5:15); ouv ga.r e;stin evxousi,a . . . (Rom 13:1).

2. Indefinite predication is uncertain and contingent:

(1) Subjunctive mood: used only in the present, aorist, and perfect tenses:

eva.n u`mei/j mei,nhte evn tw/| lo,gw| tw/| evmw/ . . . (John 8:31).

(2) Optative mood:

� is found infrequently in the NT ; it shows even more remote indefiniteness than the subjunctive;

‚ is used in the present, future, aorist, perfect, and future-perfect tenses.

ge,noito, moi kata. to. r`h/ma, souÅ  (Luke 1:38).

3. Volitional predication: found in the optative mood occasionally (as in the example above); found in the imperative mood, only in the present and aorist tenses:

cai,rete evn kuri,w|Å  (Phil 3:1); mhke,ti a`ma,rtane  (John 5:14).

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Although numbers four and five below, the next two categories of mood analysis, are not properly “moods” in the strictest grammatical sense, they exist as forms of predication not altogether different from moods. When parsing, one recognizes them as if they were moods of the verb by identifying them as Infinitive or Participle, instead of Indicative, Subjunctive, Optative, or Imperative.

4. Unlimited predication: The form denoting the unlimited basic verb is the Infinitive (i.e., ‘not finite’), whose form nevertheless can have temporal aspects, being used in the present, future, aorist, perfect, and future-perfect tenses:

ivdou. evxh/lqen o` spei,rwn tou/ spei,reinÅ  (Matt 13:3).

5. Associated predication: Like a verb, the Participle is formed to predicate action in every tense except the imperfect and pluperfect, but like a noun, pronoun, or adjective it has declensional endings instead of verbal endings:

peri. tou/ ui`ou/ auvtou/ tou/ genome,nou evk spe,rmatoj Daui.d kata. sa,rka  (Rom 1:3).

Because of the versatility of the participle, the verbal idea may be expressed not as action but substantivally as one who acts or is acted upon:

pa/j o` qewrw/n to.n ui`o.n kai. pisteu,wn eivj auvto.n e;ch| zwh.n aivw,nion  (John 6:40).

Hkousen de. ~Hrw,|dhj o` tetraa,rchj ta. gino,mena pa,nta  (Luke 9:7).

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The Functions of Mood

Indicative Mood:

Basic idea: real, objective, definite predication—certainty of assertion

1. Statement:

Ouv qe,lomen de. u`ma/j avgnoei/n  (1 Thes 4:13)

2. Interrogation:

ku,rie( pou/ u`pa,geijÈ  (John 13:36).

3. Imperative: The future tense in the second person can provide a command (e.g., the Decalogue in the  LXX):

ouvk evkpeira,seij ku,rion to.n qeo,n souÅ  (Matt 4:7).

4. Assumption: Reality is assumed for the sake of argument. In first and second class conditions (either protasis or apodosis) the indicative mood operates with “real” assumptions, but the contingency of the conditional structure predominates in translation:

eiv evgnw,kate, [p66, a] me( kai. to.n pate,ra mou gnw,sesqe [p66, a, D, W] (John 14:7)

evgnw,keite [A,B,C]                                         h;|deite [B,C*] .

Note this basic parsing principle: Only the Indicative has augments.

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Subjunctive Mood:

Basic idea: contingency—uncertain fulfillment

1. Subjunctive with  i[na and  o[pwj  clauses: The subjunctive occurs characteristically with these two conjunctions. Yet  i[na  occurs with the indicative about two dozen times in the NT.

(1) Purpose:

evkzhth,sate to. kalo.n kai. mh. to. ponhro,n o[pwj zh,shte  (Amos 5:14, LXX ).

VEba,stasan pa,lin li,qouj oi` VIoudai/oi i[na liqa,swsin auvto,nÅ  (John 10:31).

Negative Purpose:  i[na mh, + subjunctive = “lest”

grhgorei/te kai. proseu,cesqe( i[na mh. e;lqhte eivj peirasmo,n\  (Mark 14:38)

(2) Result:

ti,j h[marten( ou-toj . . .  i[na tuflo.j gennhqh/|È  (John 9:2)

(3) Indirect Command:

Diamartu,romai . . . i[na tau/ta fula,xh|j  (1 Tim 5:21)

Indirect Command (Negative) = Prohibition:  i[na + neg. pron. + subjn. + neg.

parh,ggeilen auvtoi/j i[na mhde.n ai;rwsin eivj o`do.n . . .( mh. a;rton        (Mark 6:8)

(4) Wish:

plhrw,sate, mou th.n cara.n i[na to. auvto. fronh/te  (Phil 2:2)

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Subjunctive Mood (con’d):

2. Subjunctive with Protases of Class Three Conditions (eva.n and eva.n mh, ):

kavgw. eva.n u`ywqw/ evk th/j gh/j( pa,ntaj e`lku,sw pro.j evmauto,nÅ (John 12:32).

su. o] spei,reij( ouv zw|opoiei/tai eva.n mh. avpoqa,nh|\ (1 Cor 15:36)

3. Subjunctive with Indefinite Relative Clauses with  avn  or eva,n:

o[ ti a'n le,gh| u`mi/n poih,sateÅ  (John 2:5)

o[sa a'n aivth,sh| to.n qeo.n dw,sei soi o` qeo,jÅ  (John 11:22)

eivj h]n dV a'n po,lin h' kw,mhn eivse,lqhte . . . .  (Matt 10:11)

o[pou eva.n khrucqh/| to. euvagge,lion . . ( kai. o] evpoi,hsen au[th lalhqh,setai (Mark 14:9)

4. Subjunctive with Temporal Clauses with a;n:

o[tan [o[te + a;n] e;lqh| evkei/noj( avnaggelei/ h`mi/n a[pantaÅ (John 4:25)

e[wj a'n i;dwsin to.n ui`o.n tou/ avnqrw,pou/Å  (Matt 16:28)

ta. de. loipa. w`j a'n e;lqw diata,xomaiÅ (1 Cor 11:34)

mh. ivdei/n qa,naton pri.n Îh'Ð a'n i;dh| to.n cristo.n kuri,ouÅ (Luke 2:26)

5. Hortatory Subjunctive: First Person Plural Exhortations: “Let us . . .”

Mhke,ti ou=n avllh,louj kri,nwmen\ (Rom 14:13)

Spouda,swmen ou=n eivselqei/n eivj evkei,nhn th.n kata,pausin  (Heb 4:11)

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6. Subjunctive with Second and Third Person Prohibitions of the Aorist Tense:

This use of the subjunctive forbids in advance the contemplated action: “Do not begin to . . .”

mh. sklhru,nhte ta.j kardi,aj u`mw/n (Heb 3:8)

mh, ti,j me do,xh| a;frona ei=nai\ (2 Cor 11:16)

kai. mh. u`peri,dh|j th.n mhte,ra sou   (Tobit 4:3)

7. Subjunctive with Emphatic Denials of Futurity (ouv mh, always used):

ouv mh,  with the aorist subjunctive occurs in 86% of the NT uses, and ouv mh, with the future indicative for the rest; Job 23:11 LXX has ouv mh. evkkli,nw (a futuristic present) avpo evntalma,twn auvtou/.

The aorist subjunctive and future indicative are used interchangeably:

o` evrco,menoj pro.j evme. ouv mh. peina,sh|(

kai. o` pisteu,wn  eivj   evme. ouv mh. diyh,sei pw,poteÅ (John 6:35)

8. Subjunctive with Deliberations:

The subjunctive is ideal for consideration of a future course of action and the decisions those action will involve. (The future indicative also can be used for contemplation of the future, but with more certainty—Rom 8:31,33.)

Nu/n h` yuch, mou teta,raktai( kai. ti, ei;pwÈ  (John 12:27).

Ti, ou=nÈ a`marth,swmen( o[ti ouvk evsme.n u`po. no,mon avlla. u`po. ca,rinÅ  (Rom 6:15).

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Optative Mood:

Basic Idea: contingent possibility weaker than the subjunctive; only about 68 optatives are in NT.

1. Volition: (expression of a wish or judgment). About 38 optative volitions occur in the NT.

mh. ge,noito  (Rom 6:2 and in 14 other instances)

“May it never be!”  “By no means!”  “Let it never happen!”  “Of course not!” “Not so!”

ca,rij u`mi/n kai. eivrh,nh plhqunqei,hÅ  (1 Peter 1:2)

2. Imprecation: (a negative volition tantamount to a curse)

mhke,ti eivj to.n aivw/na evk sou/ mhdei.j karpo.n fa,goiÅ (Mark 11:14)

to. avrgu,rio,n sou su.n soi. ei;h [pres. opt. act. 3s  eivmi,] eivj avpw,leian  (Acts 8:20)

3. Ptotasis of a Class 4 Condition: (“should” or “would”)

avllV eiv kai. pa,scoite dia. dikaiosu,nhn( maka,rioiÅ  (1 Peter 3:14)

4. Potentiality: (“could” or “would”). This use expressive of potentiality as a weakened subjunctive will sometimes be expressed instead by the subjunctive or the future indicative.

pw/j ga.r a'n dunai,mhn eva.n mh, tij o`dhgh,sei meÈ (Acts 8:31)

ei; pwj du,nainto katanth,santej eivj Foi,nika  (Acts 27:12)

5. Deliberation: (“might”  “would”  “could”)

tinej e;legon\ ti, a'n qe,loi o` spermolo,goj ou-toj le,geinÈ  (Acts 17:18)

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Imperative Mood

Basic Idea: The first person expresses volition toward the second person, and sometimes [in Greek, but not in English] toward the third person.

1. Command: seauto.n a`gno.n th,reiÅ  (1 Tim 5:22).

2. Prohibition: (mh, + imperative [usually present tense])

ei; tij ouv qe,lei evrga,zesqai mhde. evsqie,twÅ  (2 Thes 3:10)

3. Request: poi,hso,n me w`j e[na tw/n misqi,wn souÅ  (Luke 15:19)

4. Permission: eiv de. o` a;pistoj cwri,zetai( cwrize,sqw\  (1 Cor 7:15)

5. Admonition (warning): Ble,pete tou.j ku,naj( ble,pete tou.j kakou.j evrga,taj.  (Phil 3:2)

6. Exhortation (encouragement): di,dote( kai. doqh,setai u`mi/n\ (Luke 6:38)

7. Confrontation: dei/xo,n moi th.n pi,stin sou cwri.j tw/n e;rgwn  (Jas 2:18)

Translational Options for Third Person Imperatives:

avsqenei/ tij . . . proskalesa,sqw tou.j presbute,rouj . . . kai. proseuxa,sqwsan (Jas 5:14)

“have him call,” ‘he should call,” “he must call,” “let him call” . . . “have them pray.”

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Imperative Mood (con’d):

Possible Alternatives to the Imperative  Mood:

1. Use of the Future Indicative as a Command:

ku,rion to.n qeo,n sou proskunh,seij kai. auvtw/| mo,nw| latreu,seijÅ  (Luke 4:8)

2. Use of  mh, and 2nd or 3rd Aorist Subjunctive as a Prohibition:

mh, tij ou=n auvto.n evxouqenh,sh|Å (1 Cor 16:11)

3. Use of a Volitional Optative, Especially in an Imprecation:

mhke,ti eivj to.n aivw/na evk sou/ mhdei.j karpo.n fa,goiÅ (Mark 11:14)

4. Use of the Infinitive as a Command:

Dou,louj ivdi,oij despo,taij u`pota,ssesqai evn pa/sin  (Titus 2:9)

5. Use of the Participle as an Exhortation:

th/| evlpi,di cai,rontej [see context.] (Rom 12:12)

Catchy Imperatives Parsed and Correlated:

lu,ou

Prs/Mid 2s

lipou/

—2 Aor/Mid 2s

lu/sai

1 Aor/Mid 2s

(or 1 Aor/Inf/Act)

lu/son

1 Aor/Act 2s

(or Fut/Ptc/Act Nom s n)

li,phqi

2 Aor/Pas 2s

la,lei

Prs/Act 2s < lale,w

lu,qhti

1 Aor/Pas 2s

pla,na

Prs/Act 2s < plana,w

liph,tw

2 Aor/Pas 3s

planw/

Prs/Mid 2s < plana,w

luqh,tw

1 Aor/Pas 3s

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Prohibitions

Two different perspectives are possible when prohibitions begin with mh,:

1. Cease from an action in progress:  mh, + present imperative:

“Do not continue . . . Stop . . . Cease . . . Quit . . . “

mh. fobou/( mo,non pi,steuson( kai. swqh,setaiÅ  (Luke 8:50)

Mh. dokei/te o[ti evgw. kathgorh,sw u`mw/n pro.j to.n pate,ra\ (John 5:45)

2. Do not begin an anticipated action:  mh, + aorist subjunctive

“Do not begin to . . .  Do not start to . . .”

Mh. nomi,shte o[ti h=lqon katalu/sai to.n no,mon h' tou.j profh,taj\  (Matt 5:17)

Mh. ou=n fobhqh/te auvtou,j\ (Matt 10:26)

Note on other prohibitions: If mh, comes after the imperative, the fine distinctions above do not apply. In such a case mh, makes negative what follows it, rather than keying directly on the verb.

evrga,zesqe mh. th.n brw/sin th.n avpollume,nhn avlla. . . .  (John 6:27)

The translation of such a construction is necessarily more ambiguous:

“Work not for . . .” or “ Do not labor for . . .”  If mh,  precedes a verb other than the present imperative or the aorist subjunctive, the ambiguity follows:

mh, ovmo,sai [Aor/Inf/Act] “Do not take an oath.” (Matt 5:34)

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Infinitive

Not properly a mood, the infinitive, nevertheless, has voice and tense and is parsed as a mood. It functions to express action without the limitations of personal endings. About one in 60 words in the NT is an infinitive.

Uses of the Infinitive:

1. Substantival:

(1) Subject of a finite verb:  avpo,keitai toi/j avnqrw,poij a[pax avpoqanei/n  (Heb 9:27)

(2) Object of a finite verb:  mh, tij h;negken auvtw/| fagei/nÈ  (John 4:33)

(3) Predicate compliment:  Si,mwn( e;cw soi, ti eivpei/nÅ (Luke 7:40)

(4) Object of a preposition:  le,gw u`mi/n pro. tou/ gene,sqai  (John 13:19)

(5) Appositive:  Tou/to ga,r evstin qe,lhma tou/ qeou/( o` a`giasmo.j u`mw/n( avpe,cesqai u`ma/j avpo. th/j pornei,aj  (1 Thes 4:3)

(6) Salutation = formal greetings = English “Greetings”—“Good day!”

VIa,kwboj . . . tai/j dw,deka fulai/j tai/j evn th/| diaspora/| cai,reinÅ  (Jas 1:1)

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2. Adverbial:

(1) Purpose:  i[na avposte,llh| auvtou.j khru,ssein  (Mark 3:14)

(2) Result:  e;dwken auvtoi/j evxousi,an pneuma,twn avkaqa,rtwn w[ste evkba,llein auvta. (Matt 10:1)

qeo.j ga,r evstin o` evnergw/n evn u`mi/n kai. to. qe,lein kai. to. evnergei/n u`pe.r th/j euvdoki,ajÅ (Phil 2:13)

(3) Adjective Complement: ouvke,ti eivmi. a;xioj klhqh/nai ui`o,j sou\  (Luke 15:19)

3. Verbal Complement: Certain verbs need an infinitive to complete them:

me,llw •  du,namai • ovfei,,lw • dei,• qe,lw • zhte,w • e;xestin • a;rcw • pre,pw.

pw/j du,nasqe avgaqa. lalei/n ponhroi. o;ntejÈ  (Matt 12:34)

4. Finite Verb: When so used, as in indirect discourse, the person and number can be supplied from the context.

pa/j o` avpoktei,naj u`ma/j do,xh| latrei,an prosfe,rein tw/| qew/|Å  (John 16:2)

ouvk e;schka a;nesin tw/| pneu,mati, mou tw/| mh. eu`rei/n me Ti,ton  (2 Cor 2:13)

5. Imperative:  klai,ein meta. klaio,ntwnÅ  (Rom 12:15) [rare in NT, e.g., Eph 4:22,23,24]

6. Adjectival:  kaqw.j e;qoj evsti.n toi/j VIoudai,oij evntafia,zein [modifies ;qoj]Å (John 19:40). [rare in NT]

7. Infinitive Absolute:  kai. w`j e;poj eivpei/n  (Heb 7:9) [rare in NT].

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Special Construction of an Infinitive with a Referential Accusative:

Frequently the infinitive is accompanied by an accusative of general reference. What seems strange about this is that such a referenced accusative functions as the subject of the infinitival action. Subjects of infinitives occur only in the accusative case.

w[ste douleu,ein h`ma/j evn kaino,thti pneu,matoj  (Rom 7:6) [use: result clause].

Toi/j de. gegamhko,sin paragge,llw . . . gunai/ka avpo. avndro.j mh. cwrisqh/nai (1 Cor 7:10) [use: imperative].

kai. evn tw/| spei,rein auvto.n . . .  (Luke 8:5)  [use: temporal clause]

evkei/non dei/ auvxa,nein( evme. de. evlattou/sqaiÅ  (John 3:30) [use: verbal complement]

o` ou=n o;cloj o` e`stw.j kai. avkou,saj e;legen bronth.n gegone,nai  (John 12:29) [use: finite verb in an indirect statement].

Caution: Not every accusative noun with an infinitive is an accusative of general reference. The use may be that of direct object of the verbal idea in the infinitive as in John 6:21: h;qelon ou=n labei/n auvto.n eivj to. ploi/on . . . or Matthew 23:23: tau/ta Îde.Ð e;dei poih/saiÅ

The accusative of general reference, the direct object accusative, and the accusative of double direct object can all accompany the same infinitive:

diaponou,menoi dia. to. dida,skein auvtou.j to.n lao.n . . . th.n avna,stasin th.n evk nekrw/n (Acts 4:2)

acc. gen. ref.      dir. obj.         double dir. obj.

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Infinitival Forms:

Infinitives are easy to recognize structurally because, taking the form appropriate to their tense and voice, they all have one of the following endings:

-ein,  -ai,  -nai,  -sqai

except for contract verbs that have in the present tense:

alpha contract  =  a/n

epsilon contract  =  ei/n

omicron contract  =  ou/n

Active Voice Infinitive:

Present

Future

1 Aorist

2 Aorist

Perfect

lu, ein

lu,s ein

lu/s ai

lip ei/n

leluke, nai

Middle Voice:

Present

Future

1 Aorist

2 Aorist

Perfect

lu,e sqai

lu,se sqai

lu,sa sqai

lipe, sqai

lelu, sqai

Passive  Voice:

Present

Future

1 Aorist

2 Aorist

Future Perfect

luqh,se sqai

luqh/ nai

liph/ nai

lelu,se sqai

There are no augments of infinitives because only the indicative has an augment.

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Participles

The Greek participle is the most versatile of the Greek verb forms and a distinctive of the language. As a verb it has voice and tense. The participle occurs in all voices and tenses except the imperfect and pluperfect. In place of personal endings, the participle has declensional inflections that give it gender, number, and one of the inflectional cases common to a noun or adjective. The participle readily serves in these various ways: as a substantive, adverb, adjective, finite verb, or imperative. A participle of a transitive verb can take a direct object just as can the infinitive. On average every 21st word in the NT is a participle.

Functions of the Participle

Substantival Participles:

1. Subject:  o` to.n lo,gon mou avkou,wn kai. pisteu,wn tw/| pe,myanti, me e;cei zwh.n aivw,nion (John 5:24)

2. Predicate Nominative:  to. pneu/ma, evstin to. zw|opoiou/n  (John 6:63)

3. Direct Object:  to.n evrco,menon pro.j evme. ouv mh. evkba,lw e;xw  (John 6:37)

4. Objective Complement:  This use indicates the action itself, especially after verbs of perception. (Do not confuse this use, complementing the object of the finite verb, with that use complementing the verb—i.e., Verbal Complement.)

VIhsou/j ou=n w`j ei=den auvth.n klai,ousan kai. tou.j sunelqo,ntaj auvth/| VIoudai,ouj klai,ontaj  (John 11:33)

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5. Indirect Object:  tw/| de. evrgazome,nw| o` misqo.j ouv logi,zetai kata. ca,rin  (Rom 4:4)

6. Object of a Preposition:  dia. tou/ evnoikou/ntoj auvtou/ pneu,matoj evn u`mi/nÅ  (Rom 8:11)

7. Appositive: le,gei ku,rioj o` qeo,j( o` w'n . . . kai. o` evrco,menoj( o` pantokra,twrÅ (Rev 1:8)

Adverbial Participles:

The adverbial participle modifies the main verb of the sentence in a manner that can be deduced from the context. Proper supporting terms can be supplied in an English translation in order to indicate such an adverbial relationship.

1. Purpose:  (“for, for the purpose of, in order that/to, to”)

gunai/kej . . . hvkolou,qhsan tw/| VIhsou/ . . . diakonou/sai auvtw/|\  (Matt 27:55)

2. Result:  (“so as to, with the effect of, resulting in”)

auvto.j evdi,dasken evn tai/j sunagwgai/j auvtw/n doxazo,menoj u`po. pa,ntwnÅ  (Luke 4:15)

3. Time:  (“when, while, after, as”)

VApoluqe,ntej de. h=lqon pro.j tou.j ivdi,ouj  (Acts 4:23)

4. Cause:  (“because”)

evca,rhsan ou=n oi` maqhtai. ivdo,ntej to.n ku,rionÅ  (John 20:20)

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5. Condition:  (“if”)

Tau/ta u`potiqe,menoj toi/j avdelfoi/j kalo.j e;sh| dia,konoj Cristou/ VIhsou/  (1 Tim 4:6)

evlpi.j de. blepome,nh ouvk e;stin evlpi,j\  (Rom 8:24)

6. Concession:  (“though, although”)

diV o[lhj nukto.j kopia,santej ouvde.n evla,bomen\ (Luke 5:5)

7. Means:  (“by, by means of”)

ma/llon de. proseti,qento pisteu,ontej tw/| kuri,w|  (Acts 5:14)

8. Manner:  (“in, in a manner of, _____ly”)

kai. e[tera polla. blasfhmou/ntej e;legon eivj auvto,nÅ  (Luke 22:65)

Note: Some grammarians prefer to combine means and manner as a composite category. Likewise, this use is somewhat ambiguous with the Unrestricted category that follows because manner is practically synonymous with the pure adverbial idea.

9. Unrestricted:  (uses no adverbial auxiliaries)

The adverbial use of the participial clause converts into good English satisfactorily without any of the supplementary words common to uses 1-8 above. This adverbially unrestricted use of the participle is not far from the Verbal Use: Coordinate with a Finite Verb.

Kata. pi,stin avpe,qanon ou-toi pa,ntej( mh. labo,ntej ta.j evpaggeli,aj avlla. po,rrwqen auvta.j ivdo,ntej kai. avspasa,menoi kai. o`mologh,santej o[ti xe,noi kai. parepi,dhmoi, eivsin evpi. th/j gh/jÅ (Heb 11:13).

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Note on the Adverbial Use in Genitive Absolutes:

Genitive absolutes regularly employ an adverbial use of the participle as per one of the nine ways stated above.

Adjectival Participles:

1. Ascriptive Attributive: The adjectival participle occurs anarthrously somewhere after the word it modifies, or it comes before the word it modifies, but always without an intervening article.

o[moio,j evstin avnqrw,pw| oivkodomou/nti oivki,an  (Luke 6:48)

kaqw.j avpe,steile,n me o` zw/n path.r  (John 6:57)

2. Restrictive Attributive: The order for emphatic distinctiveness is:

article + noun + article + participle

Translate this construction by a restrictive relative clause or by an adjective.

evrga,zesqe mh. th.n brw/sin th.n avpollume,nhn avlla. th.n brw/sin th.n me,nousan eivj zwh.n aivw,nion  (John 6:27)

3. Predicate Attributive: With the verb “to be” the participle functions in the predicate as a predicate adjective.

a;ndrej fe,rontej evpi. kli,nhj a;nqrwpon o]j h=n paralelume,noj  (Luke 5:18)

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Verbal Participles:

1. Coordinate with a Finite Verb: The participle is translated as a finite verb in parallel to the main verb of the sentence.

~O de. VIwa,nnhj avkou,saj evn tw/| desmwthri,w| ta. e;rga tou/ Cristou/ pe,myaj dia. tw/n maqhtw/n auvtou/ 3  ei=pen auvtw/|\  (Matt 11:2-3)

2. Complementary with certain verbs: The participle is necessary to complete the idea of the main verb.

(1) Complement proper:  ouv pauo,meqa u`pe.r u`mw/n proseuco,menoi kai. aivtou,menoi  (Col 1:9)

(2) Complementary  periphrastic:  The participle complements the verb to be in one of its tenses. Examples are found in this Enchiridion under the Periphrastic Present, Periphrastic Imperfect, Periphrastic Future, Periphrastic Perfect, and Periphrastic Pluperfect.

3. Imperatival: The participle also has an imperatival function, not frequently used.

(1) Single imperative:

eiv dunato.n to. evx u`mw/n( meta. pa,ntwn avnqrw,pwn eivrhneu,ontej\  (Rom 12:18)

(2) Coordinate imperative: The participle is coordinate with an imperative:

poreuqe,ntej avpaggei,late VIwa,nnh| a] avkou,ete kai. ble,pete\  (Matt 11:4)

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Sample Text from Codex Vaticanus (Fourth Century)

page 61

Key Declensions of the Active Participle

Present Tense:

lu,wn

lu,ousa

lu/on

lu,ontej

lu,ousai

lu,onta

lu,ontoj

luou,shj

lu,ontoj

luo,ntwn

luousw/n

luo,ntwn

lu,onti

luou,sh|

lu,onti

lu,ousi

luou,saij

lu,ousi

lu,onta

lu,ousan

lu/on

lu,ontaj

luou,saj

lu,onta

First Aorist Tense:

lu,saj

lu,sasa

lu/san

lu,santej

lu,sasai

lu,santa

lu,santoj

lusa,shj

lu,santoj

lusa,ntwn

lusasw/n

lusa,ntwn

lu,santi

lusa,sh|

lu,santi

lu,sasi

lusa,saij

lu,sasi

lu,santa

lu,sasan

lu/san

lu,santaj

lusa,saj

lu,santa

First Perfect Tense:

lelukw/j

lelukui/a

leluko,j

leluko,tej

lelukui/ai

leluko,ta

leluko,toj

lelukui,aj

leluko,toj

leluko,twn

lelukuiw/n

leluko,twn

leluko,ti

lelukui,a|

leluko,ti

leluko,si

lelukui,aij

leluko,si

leluko,ta

lelukui/an

leluko,j

leluko,taj

lelukui,aj

leluko,ta

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Key Declension of the Middle Participle—Present Tense:

luo,menoj

luome,nh

luo,menon

luo,menoi

luo,menai

luo,mena

luome,nou

luome,nhj

luome,nou

luome,nwn

luome,nwn

luome,nwn

luome,nw|

luome,nh|

luome,n

luome,noij

luome,naij

luome,noij

luo,menon

luome,nhn

luo,menon

luome,nouj

luome,naj

luo,mena

Key Declension of the Passive Participle— First Aorist Tense:

luqei,j

luqei/sa

luqe,n

luqe,ntej

luqei/sai

luqe,nta

luqe,ntoj

luqei,shj

luqe,ntoj

luqe,ntwn

luqeisw/n

luqe,ntwn

luqe,nti

luqei,sh|

luqe,nti

luqei/si

luqei/saij

luqei/si

luqe,nta

luqei,san

luqe,n

luqe,ntaj

luqei,saj

luqe,nta

Parsing Participial Forms:

1. Using the key declensions with the characteristic tense structures, one can parse any participle.

2. Ambiguous participles on the last pages have been highlighted in red.

3. The future participle is very rare (e.g., Matt 27:49) in the NT (Robertson, GGNTLHR, p. 374).

page 63

2 Nouns, Case Usage, Pronouns

Declensions of Nouns

Key to the lines below: 1 = nominative; 2 = genitive; 3 = dative; 4 = accusative; 5 = vocative. Vocative forms are included only if different from the nominative. Plurals follow their singular form on the line. Articles used denote gender. One space is skipped before each ending to differentiate it. Certain endings are featured in red to denote their distinctiveness.

Second Declension:

1

o`

fi,l oj

fi,l oi

h`

o`d o,j

o`d oi,

to.

e;rg on

e;rg a

2

fi,l ou

fi,l wn

o`d ou/

o`d w/n

e;rg ou

e;rg wn

3

fi,l w|

fi,l oij

o`d w/|

o`d oi/j

e;rg w|

e;rg oij

4

fi,l on

fi,l ouj

o`d o,n

o`d ou,j

e;rg on

e;rg a

5

fi,l e

friend

way

work

Compare variations in irregular adjective (masc. and neut.) diplou/j, h/, ou/n.

1

dipl ou/j

dipl oi/

dipl ou/n

dipl a/

2

dipl ou/

dipl w/n

dipl ou/

dipl w/n

3

dipl w/|

dipl oi/j

dipl w/|

dipl oi/j

4

dipl ou/n

dipl ou/j

dipl ou/n

dipl a

double, twofold, twice

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First Declension:

nom. s. in a:

1

h`

glw/ss a

glw/ss ai

h`

h`me,r a

h`me,r ai

2

glw,ss hj

glwss w/n

h`me,r aj

h`mer w/n

3

glw,ss h|

glw,ss aij

h`me,r a|

h`me,r aij

4

glw/ss an

glw,ss aj

h`me,r an

h`me,r aj

tongue, language

day

nom. s. in aj:

nom. s. in h:

nom. s. in hj:

1

neani, aj

neani, ai

h`

gh/

___

o`

krit h,j

krit ai,

2

neani, ou

neani w/n

gh/j

___

krit ou/

krit w/n

3

neani, a|

neani, aij

gh/|

___

krit h/

krit ai/j

4

neani, an

neani, aj

gh/n

___

krit h,n

krit a,j

5

neani, a

young man

earth

judge

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Third Declension Nouns:

The base (or stem) is determined from the genitive singular less the ending.

Base ending in l or r:

Base ending in m or n:

1

o`

avnhr

a;ndr ej

h`

cei,r

cei/r ej

o`

kanw,n

kano,n ej

2

avndr o,j

avndr w/n

ceir o,j

ceir w?/n

kano,n oj

kano,n wn

3

avndr i,

avndr a,si

ceir i,

cer si,

kano,n i

kano, si

4

a;ndr a

a;ndr aj

cei/r a

cei/r aj

kano,n a

kano,n aj

5

a;ner

man

hand

standard, rule

Base ending in g, k, or c:

Base ending in d:

1

h`

gunh,

gunai/k ej

o`

pai/j

pai/d ej

2

gunaik o,j

gunaik w/n

pai/d oj

pai,d wn

3

gunaik i,

gunai xi,

paid i,

pai si,

4

gunai/k a

gunai/k aj

pai/d a

pai/d aj

5

gu,nai

woman

boy, servant

3d plural consonant combinations:

r + si

= rasi or rsi

n    + si

= si

g, k, c + si

= xi

d, q, t  + si

= si

ont  + si

= ousi

page 66

Third Declension Nouns (Con'd):

Base ending in q or t:

1

to.

pneu/ma

pneu,mat a

o`

a;rcwn

a;rcont ej

to.

ke,raj

ke,rat a

2

pneu,mat oj

pneuma,t wn

a;rcont oj

avrco,nt wn

ke,rat oj

kerat w/n

3

pneu,mat i

pneu,ma si

a;rcont i

a;cou si

ke,rat i

ke,ra  si

4

pneu/ma

pneu,mat a

a;rcont a

a;rcont aj

ke,raj

ke,rat a

spirit

ruler

horn

Base ending in a vowel: (Some endings show influence of the stem vowel.)

1

to.

e;qno j

e;qn h

h`

po,li j

po,le ij

o`

ivcqu, j

ivcqu, ej

2

e;qno uj

evqn w/n

po,le wj

po,le wn

ivcqu, oj

ivcqu, wn

3

e;qne i

e;qne si

po,le i

po,le si

ivcqu, i

ivcqu, si

4

e;qno j

e;qn h

po,li n

po,le ij

ivcqu, n

ivcqu, aj

nation

city

fish

1

o`

basileu, j

basile i/j

h`

de,hsi j

deh,se ij

2

basile, wj

basile, wn

deh,se wj

deh,se wn

3

basile i/

basileu/ si

deh,se i

d,,eh,se si

4

basile, a

basile i/j

deh,si n

deh,se ij

king

prayer

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Third Declension Irregularities:

It is apparent that several sets of endings are grouped under the third declension because they show similarities. For some words it is easier to memorize their paradigms than to analyze the route of change that lies behind their formation. There may be no other word formed exactly by the same process.

1

o`

nou/j

noi/

o`

bou/j

bo,ej

2

nou/

nw/n

boo,j

bow/n

3

nw|/

noi/j

boi/

bousi,

4

nou/n

nou/j

bou/n

bo,aj/bou/j

mind

ox, bull—h` bou/j cow

An irregular adjective that builds with the Genitive Singular Base:

1

me,gaj

mega,lh

me,ga

mega,loi

mega,lai

mega,la

2

mega,lou

mega,lhj

mega,lou

mega,lwn

mega,lwn

mega,lwn

3

mega,lw|

mega,lh|

mega,lw|

mega,loij

mega,laij

mega,loij

4

me,gan

mega,lhn

me,ga

mega,louj

mega,laj

mega,la

great

Only three consonants—n,  r, and j —can be the final letter of any Greek word. [The only exception is the preposition evk and its variation evx.] Hence, in the me,gaj paradigm above the final l of the genitive singular base, megal, changed to j (nom. s. m.), was kept and followed by a vowel (nom. s. f.), and was dropped altogether (nom. s. n.).

page 68

Third Declension Adjectives:

Note that the feminine adjectives (columns 2 and 5) use the first declension:

1

pa/j

pa/s a

pa/n

pa,nt ej

pa/s ai

pa,nt a

2

pant o,j

pa,s hj

pant o,j

pa,nt wn

pas w/n

pa,nt wn

3

pant i,

pa,s h|

pant i,

pa/ si

pa,s aij

pa/ si

4

pa,nt a

pa/s an

pa/n

pa,nt aj

pa,s aj

pa,nt a

all, each, every

1

platu, j

platei/ a

plat u,

plate i/j

platei/ ai

plate, a

2

plate, wj

platei, aj

plate, wj

plate, wn

platei w/n

plate, wn

3

plate i/

platei, a|

plate i/

plate, si

platei, aij

plate, si

4

platu, n

platei/ an

plat u,

plate i/j

platei, aj

plate, a

wide, broad

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Third Declension Adjectives (Con'd):

masc./fem. s.

masc./fem. pl.

neut. s.

neut. pl.

1

monogen h,j

monogen ei/j

monogen e,j

monogen h/

2

monogen ou/j

monogen w/n

monogen ou/j

monogen w/n

3

monogen ei/

monogen e,si

monogen ei/

monogen e,si

4

monogen h/

monogen ei/j

monogen e,j

monogen h/

5

monogen e,j

only, unique

Cardinal Numbers One Through Four Declined:

masc.

fem.

neut.

masc./fem.

neut.

masc./fem.

neut.

1

ei/j

mi,a

e;n

du,o

trei/j

tri,a

te,ssarej

te,ssara

2

e`no,j

mia/j

e`no,j

du,o

triw/n

triw/n

tessa,rwn

tessa,rwn

3

e`ni,

mia|/

e`ni,

dusi,

trisi,

trisi,

te,ssarsi

te,ssarsi

4

e[na

mi,an

e[n

du,o

trei/j

tri,a

te,ssaraj

te,ssara

one

one

one

two

three

three

four

four

None of the cardinals 5-199 is declined until diako,sioi =  200.

page 71

Declensional Inflections for Parsing

Nouns, Pronouns, and Adjectives

The charts below are designed as visual cues to enable one to identify syntactical relationship, or case, from the endings of the inflected words. Read across and down columns.

First Declension

Second Decl.

Third Decl. (most, not all forms of 3d decl.)

Nominative

(s)

a

h

aj

hj

oj

on

wn

h

oj

oj

euj

ij

a

(pl)

ai

ai

ai

ai

oi

a

ej

ej

a

h

eij

eij

ata

Gen./Abl.

(s)

aj

hj

ou

ou

oj

ouj

ewj

atoj

(pl)

wn

wn

wn

wn

wn

wn

ewn

atwn

Dat.Inst.Loc.

(s)

a|

h|

w|

i

ei

ei

ati

(pl)

aij

aij

oij

[ou]si

esi

eu,si

asi

Accusative

(s)

an

hn

on

on

a

oj

oj

ea

in

a

(pl)

aj

aj

ouj

a

aj

a

h

eij

eij

ata

Vocative

(s)

a

e

ai

eu

(pl)

identical to the Nominative plural in all declensions.

page 72

a

nom s, pl, acc s, pl, voc s

A

L

P

H

A

B

E

T

I

C

A

ANALYSIS

of  Inflections

g-a =  genitive or ablative

d-i-l  = dative, instrumental, or locative

Any nom pl  listed here could also be

a vocative plural.

eusi

d-i-l pl

a|

d-i-l s,

ew/n

g-a pl

ai

nom pl, voc s

e,wj

g-a s

an

acc s

h

nom s, pl, acc pl

aj

nom s g-a s, acc pl

h|

d-i-l s

asi

d-i-l pl

hj

nom s,  g-a s

ata

nom pl, acc pl

i

d-i-l s

ati

d-i-l s

in

acc s

atoj

g-a s

ij

nom s

atwn

g-a pl

oi

nom pl

e

voc s

oij

d-i-l pl

ea

acc s

o

nom s, acc s

ei

d-i-l s

oj

nom s g-a s, acc s

ei/j

nom pl, acc pl

ou

g-a s

ej

nom pl

ouj

g-a s, acc pl

esi

d-i-l pl

[ou]si

d-i-l pl

eu/

voc s

w|

d-i-l s

euj

nom s

wn

nom s, g-a pl

page 73

Case Distinctions

All grammarians agree that the case of a word that can be defined provides—by its ending—an indication of the relation of that word to the sentence in which it occurs. Some grammarians abstract five cases and some eight. The former method attaches importance to the form of a word and the latter to the general function of a word; but neither method of counting cases can exist without depending to some degree on the other element, whether it be function or form. At the level of practical exegesis, which method of case analysis one employs has less than critical importance. This is so because a further distinction—the precise use of the case—is also abstracted to specify one's understanding of the writer’s intention for that word.

Basic Ideas of the Case Appellations:

Nominative:

subject/specific designation

Genitive:

description/identification/attribution

Ablative:

separation/source

Dative:

personal interest

Instrumental:

means

Locative:

location

Accusative:

extension/termination

Vocative:

direct address

In the designations of case usages that follow for the Ablative, Instrumental, and Locative, these identifications will be given as a left heading and the comparable five-case designations will be given on the same line at the right.

page 74

Vocative Case

Basic Idea: direct address

The one being addressed is being called [from the Latin past participle, vocatus]  . The only use of the vocative is direct address, but both nominative and vocative forms are used.

pa,ter VAbraa,m( evle,hso,n me (Luke 16:24);  h` pai/j( e;geireÅ (Luke 8:54)

a;ggelon tou/ qeou/ . . . eivpo,nta auvtw/|\ Kornh,lieÅ (Acts 10:3)

ti, ga.r oi=daj( gu,nai( eiv to.n a;ndra sw,seijÈ (1 Cor 7:16)

Su. de,( w= a;nqrwpe qeou/( tau/ta feu/ge\ (1 Tim 6:11)

There are no vocative plural forms; the nominative plural is used instead. Nor are there any vocative forms for neuter nouns.

:Andrej avdelfoi. kai. pate,rej( avkou,sate, mou . . . avpologi,ajÅ (Acts 22:1)

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Nominative Case

Basic Idea: specific designation

Because in Greek the verb of the sentence always includes its own subject as far as person and number, the noun in the nominative is appositional to the verb in naming the subject.

Uses within the Nominative Case:

1. The Subject Nominative designates the subject.

kai. h` zwh. evfanerw,qh  (1 John 1:2)

2. The Predicate Nominative demarcates the less definite of two nominatives linked by an equative (i.e., copulative) verb such as: eivmi,, gi,nomai, or u`pa,rcw. (The other, more definite nominative, is the subject nominative.) Though called predicate, the predicate nominative cannot be ascertained from its position in the sentence, coming sometimes before the verb.

Ascertain the predicate nominative by comparing the two nominatives:

(1) The predicate nominative will be the one without the article in most—not all—instances.

w[ste ku,rio,j evstin o` ui`o.j tou/ avnqrw,pou kai. tou/ sabba,touÅ (Mark 2:28)

Kai. o` lo,goj sa.rx evge,neto (John 1:14)

(2) The predicate nominative will be the one that is not anaphoric. (The nominative that continues the mention made [of it] in the immediately preceding context is anaphoric, and

page 76

therefore, is the subject nominative of the new clause.) A pronoun is characteristically anaphoric and will always be the subject when used with an equative verb.

evk pneumatikh/j . . . pe,traj( h` pe,tra de. h=n o` Cristo,jÅ  (1 Cor 10:4)

tou/ Cristou/Å Auvto.j ga,r evstin h` eivrh,nh h`mw/n  (Eph 2:13-14). [The pronoun, Auvto.j,  refers to Christ and serves as the subject, causing  h` eivrh,nh—even though it is articular—        to become the predicate nominative.]

evkh,russen to.n VIhsou/n o[ti ou-to,j evstin o` ui`o.j tou/ qeou/Å  (Acts 9:20)

(3) The predicate nominative will be the adjective whenever one of the two nominatives is an adjective, whether articular or anarthrous.

to. fre,ar evsti.n baqu, [nom. s. neut.]  (John 4:11)

+Hn to. fw/j to. avlhqino,n  (John 1:9)

3. The Nominative of Apposition  restates, identifies, or complements the associated subject with which it occurs.

kaqw.j ei=pen VHsai<aj o` profh,thjÅ  (John 1:23)

avspa,zetai u`ma/j Louka/j o` ivatro.j o` avgaphto.j  (Col 4:14)

page 77

4. Independent or Absolute Nominative  stands alone grammatically as a nominative either as the expectation of its context or in spite of its context.

(1) Like a picture hung on the wall, about which an assertion is possible:

i;de o` avmno.j tou/ qeou/ o` ai;rwn th.n a`marti,an tou/ ko,smouÅ  (John 1:29   )

[The nominative rather than accusative (as object of i;de) occurs here.]

~O nikw/n dw,sw auvtw/| kaqi,sai metV evmou/ evn tw/| qro,nw| mou  (Rev 3:21)

(2) As the free-standing form for names and titles:

o;noma auvtw/| VIwa,nnhj\  (John 1:6)

u`mei/j fwnei/te, me\ o` dida,skaloj( kai,\ o` ku,rioj  (John 13:13)

Pau/loj kai. Timo,qeoj dou/loi Cristou/ VIhsou/ pa/sin toi/j a`gi,oij  (Phil 1:1)

[The two independent nominatives at the beginning tell who wrote the letter.]

o` oi=ko,j mou oi=koj proseuch/j klhqh,setai  (Matt 21:13)

(3) As the customary case of exclamations:

le,gete\ euvdi,a [“fair weather!”]( purra,zei ga.r o` ouvrano,j\  (Matt 16:2)

+W ba,qoj plou,tou kai. sofi,aj kai. gnw,sewj qeou/\ (Rom 11:33)

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(4) The absolute nominative as the anomalous transcender of grammatical regularities:

·        resisting conformity to the noun with which it is in apposition:  avpo. VIhsou/ Cristou/( o` ma,rtuj( o` pisto,j( o` prwto,tokoj tw/n nekrw/n kai. o` a;rcwn tw/n basile,wn th/j gh/jÅ (Rev 1:5)

·        resisting the influence of a preposition that takes another case: eivrh,nh avpo. o` w'n kai. o` h=n kai. o` evrco,menoj  (Rev 1:4) [Note the next phrase that does conform to the grammar of the preposition:  kai. avpo. tw/n e`pta. pneuma,twn . . . (Rev 1:4).]

·        resisting the case (accusative of specification) expected when telling how much: evxh,rconto ei-j kaqV ei-j [instead of  e[na with kata,]  (John 8:9)

page 79

Genitive Case

Basic Idea: description, identification, attribution

The characteristic translational word is “of.” The genitive case qualifies or specifies an idea as to its identity or characteristics. Its root meaning is attribution—either of essential relationship or quality.

1. Adjectival Genitive asserts attributively a relationship between a genitive noun or pronoun and the noun it modifies. Also called the Genitive of Description, this is the characteristic adnomial genitive use.

kai. e`rpeta. th/j gh/j kai. peteina. tou/ ouvranou/Å  (Acts 10:12)

2. Possessive Genitive identifies an owner:

evn tw/| sw,mati u`mw/nÅ  (1 Cor 6:20)

3. Subjective Genitive. The noun in the genitive produces the action (or is the “subject” of the action) implied in the noun it modifies.

o;yetai pa/sa sa.rx to. swth,rion tou/ qeou/Å  (Luke 3:6)

4. Objective Genitive.  The noun in the genitive receives the action (or is the “object” of the action) implied in the noun it modifies.

th.n avpoka,luyin tw/n ui`w/n tou/ qeou/ avpekde,cetaiÅ  (Rom 8:19)

auvxano,menoi th/| evpignw,sei tou/ qeou/  (Col 1:10)

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5. Genitive of Apposition or Epexegetic Genitive defines by equation.

qeo,j( o` dou.j h`mi/n to.n avrrabw/na tou/ pneu,matojÅ  (2 Cor 5:5)

6. Adverbial Genitive of Time identifies a temporal occasion, telling when something occurred.

ou-toj h=lqen pro.j auvto.n nukto.j  (John 3:2)

7. Adverbial Genitive of Reference qualifies an adjective “with reference to” that noun in the genitive.

toi/j avno,moij w`j a;nomoj( mh. w'n a;nomoj qeou/ avllV e;nnomoj Cristou/   (1 Cor 9:21)

The Adverbial Genitive of Reference may also key upon an adjective hidden in a verb, as “worthy” in kataxio,w (‘consider worthy’).

kataxiwqh/nai u`ma/j th/j basilei,aj tou/ qeou/  (2 Thes 1:5)

8. Adverbial Genitive of Purpose tells “why.”

ivdou. evxh/lqen o` spei,rwn tou/ spei,reinÅ  (Matt 13:3)

oi` de. ta. fau/la pra,xantej eivj avna,stasin kri,sewjÅ  (John 5:29)

9. Genitive of Content depicts what fills the interior of something or someone.

gemi,sate ta.j u`dri,aj u[datojÅ  (John 2:7)

ivdo,ntej de. oi` VIoudai/oi tou.j o;clouj evplh,sqhsan zh,lou  (Acts 13:45)

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10. Genitive of Apparent Object. Certain verbs have what seem to be their objects in the genitive instead of the accusative case. This construction happens because they have a built-in “of”or genitival, descriptive, or identifying element in their idiomatic structure. Such are the following verbs:

(1) Of Sensation (e.g., hear of, taste of, lay hold of: avkou,w • geu,omai, • evpilamba,nomai • a[ptw):

eva,n ti,j mou avkou,sh| tw/n r`hma,twn  (John 12:47)

geusame,nouj te th/j dwrea/j th/j evpourani,ou (Heb 6:4)

evpilabou/ th/j aivwni,ou zwh/j  (1 Tim 6:12)

(2) Of Desiring or Aspiring (evpiqume,w • ovre,gomai):

Ei; tij evpiskoph/j ovre,getai  (1 Tim 3:1)

(3) Of Sharing or Partaking ( mete,cw • metalamba,nw))

Eiv a;lloi th/j u`mw/n evxousi,aj mete,cousin  (1 Cor 9:12)

(4) Of Memory (mnhmoneu,w • mimnh,|skomai).

mnhmoneu,ete th/j gunaiko.j Lw,tÅ  (Luke 17:32)

(5) Of Taking Charge of, Ruling Over (a;rcw • kurieu,w • katiscu,w)

i[na kai. nekrw/n kai. zw,ntwn kurieu,sh|Å  (Rom 14:9)

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(6) Of Accusing or Treating with Contempt (kathgore,w):

kai. kathgo,roun auvtou/ oi` avrcierei/j polla,Å  (Mark 15:3)

(7) Of Bearing with or Neglecting (avne,cw •  avmele,w)

avneco,menoi avllh,lwn evn avga,ph|  (Eph 4:2)

11. Genitive Absolute consists of a noun or pronoun in the genitive and a participle in the genitive connected to the rest of the sentence adverbially. If the participle takes an object, that object will be in the accusative case.

kai. kaqi,santoj auvtou/ prosh/lqan auvtw/| oi` maqhtai. auvtou/\  (Matt 5:1)

o` lao.j ga.r a[paj evxekre,mato auvtou/ avkou,wnÅ (Luke 19:48)

o[ti e;ti a`martwlw/n o;ntwn h`mw/n Cristo.j u`pe.r h`mw/n avpe,qanenÅ  (Rom 5:8)

sou/ de. poiou/ntoj evlehmosu,nhn mh. gnw,tw h` avristera, sou ti, poiei/ h` dexia, sou (Matt 6:3)

12. Prepositional Genitive. A number of prepositions take their objects in the genitive, telling where, in what manner, for whose benefit, etc. This use, were it not for the prepositions, could be subsumed under the Adverbial Genitive.  Such prepositions that will occur with the genitive are: evpi, •  meta,  •  peri,  •  avmfi,  •  dia, •  u`pe,r  •  kata,  [73 times in NT].

kaqh,sesqe evpi. qro,nwn  (Luke 22:30)

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Ablative Case

Basic Idea: separation  (Latin: ablativus—that which is removed by separation)

Characteristic translational word: “from”

1. Ablative of Separation:

Genitive of Separation

This basic ablative indicates either a physical or logical removal or distance.

xe,noi tw/n diaqhkw/n (Eph 2:12)

gu,nai( avpole,lusai th/j avsqenei,aj sou (Luke 13:12)

2. Ablative of Source:

Genitive of Source

The origination of something is traced back to that from which it came.

th.n evpaggeli,an tou/ patro.j h]n hvkou,sate, mou  (Acts 1:4)

3. Ablative of Comparison:

Genitive of Comparison

This use states that from which there was a separation in an unequal comparison. When translating into English this construction requires “than” instead of “from.”

mei,zw tou,twn o;yh|Å  (John 1:50)

po,sw| ou=n diafe,rei a;nqrwpoj proba,touÅ  (Matt 12:12)

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4. Ablative of the Whole:

Partitive Genitive

The word in the ablative indicates that from which a part has been taken.

ta. pro,bata ta. avpolwlo,ta oi;kou VIsrah,lÅ  (Matt 15:24)

5. Prepositional Ablative:

Genitive of Agent

Certain prepositions take their objects in the ablative. Therefore, the use of the case is implicit in the meaning of the preposition.

The prepositions of the ablative are predominantly: evk • avpo, • cwri,j • u`po, • para,.:

from what/whom: avpo. th/j sunagwgh/j  (Luke 4:38) [separation]

apart from what/whom: cwri.j no,mou  (Rom 3:21) [separation]

out of what/whom: evk qelh,matoj sarko.j  (John 1:13) [source]

by means of what/whom: marturoume,nh u`po. tou/ no,mou  (Rom 3:21) [source]

of what/whom: evx w-n oi` plei,onej me,nousin  (1 Cor 15:6) [separation from whole]

by what/whom: para. kuri,ou evge,neto au[th  (Mark 12:11) [source]

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Dative Case

Basic Idea:  personal interest

Characteristic translational words: “to” “for”

1. Dative of Indirect Object indicates the indirect recipient of the action of a transitive verb

oi;date do,mata avgaqa. dido,nai toi/j te,knoij u`mw/n  (Luke 11:13)

2. Dative of Advantage shows “for” whose benefit something exists or is done.

to. de. sw/ma ouv th/| pornei,a| avlla. tw/| kuri,w|( kai. o` ku,rioj tw/| sw,mati\  (1 Cor 6:13)

e`autoi/j poih/sate fi,louj   (Luke 16:9)

3. Dative of Disadvantage shows to whose detriment something exists. Supply the word “against” whenever suitable.

w[ste marturei/te e`autoi/j  (Matt 23:31)

4. Possessive Dative reveals to whom some one/thing belongs; this approximates a special dative of advantage.

eivsi.n h`mi/n a;ndrej te,ssarej  (Acts 21:23)

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5. Dative of Reference indicates the person or personified idea to which the action of an intransitive verb refers.

h;rxato auvtoi/j le,gein ta. me,llonta auvtw/| sumbai,nein  (Mark 10:32)

ouvk evyeu,sw [2 p s aor. mid.] avnqrw,poij avlla. tw/| qew/|Å (Acts 5:4)

6. Dative of Apparent Object. Though the accusative case is the case of the direct object, certain verbs are internally constructed with personal implications so as to require their objects to be in the dative case.

o` de. avpeiqw/n tw/| ui`w/| ouvk o;yetai zwh,n  (John 3:36)

latreu,ein auvtw/|  (Luke 1:74)

oi` de. evn sarki. o;ntej qew/| avre,sai ouv du,nantaiÅ  (Rom 8:8)

kai. evpeti,mhsen auvtw/| o` VIhsou/j le,gwn\  (Luke 4:35)

oi` de. euvqe,wj avfe,ntej ta. di,ktua hvkolou,qhsan auvtw/|Å  (Matt 4:20)

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Instrumental Case

Basic Idea: means;  characteristic translational words: “by” or “with” and sometimes “__ly.”

1. Instrumental of Means:

Instrumental Dative

This use indicates the cause by which an effect is produced.

ca,riti, evste sesw|sme,noi  (Eph 2:5)

2. Instrumental Agent:

Dative Agent

This use tells the person by whom an effect is produced.

o[soi ga.r pneu,mati qeou/ a;gontai  (Rom 8:14)

Note three ways to express agency:

(1) Instrumental Agent (as exampled here) = by

(1) Dative Agent (by)

(2) dia, + genitive = “through” someone/something

(2) dia, + gen.(through)

(3) u`po, + ablative = “by” someone/something

(3) u`po, + gen. (by)

3. Instrumental of Manner tells how something is done.

Dative of Manner

dida,xai u`ma/j dhmosi,a| kai. katV oi;kouj  (Acts 20:20)

4. Cognate Emphatic Instrumental:

Cognate Emphatic Dative

Reproducing a Hebrew idiom, this use emphasizes the verb content in the cognate noun.

evpiqumi,a| evpequ,mhsa (Luke 22:15);  cara/| cai,rei (John 3:29).

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Locative Case

Basic Idea: location;  characteristic translational word: “in”

1. Locative of Place designates spatial location.

e;gnw tw/| sw,mati o[ti i;atai  (Mark 5:29)

Locative Dative

2. Locative of Time locates the action at or during a period(s) of time. {General time is expressed by the genitive and duration of time by the accusative.}

eiv toi/j sa,bbasin qerapeu,sei auvto,n  (Mark 3:2)

Dative of Time

3. Locative of Sphere indicates an abstract  realm.

yalw/ tw/| pneu,mati( yalw/ de. kai. tw/| noi,  (1 Cor 14:15)

Locative Dative

4. Locative Absolute:

A noun/pronoun in this case together with a participle in the same case is connected with the rest of the sentence adverbially. This use is rare in the NT: e.g., Luke 8:27.

Dative Absolute

5. Prepositional Locative:

Whenever evn means “in” rather than “by,” it takes this case: evn pa,sh| sofi,a|  (Eph 1:8).

Prepositional Dative

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Accusative Case

Basic Idea: extension/termination

Characteristic translational word: none

1. Accusative of Direct Object indicates who/what is acted upon by a transitive verb, participle, or infinitive, as illustrated respectively below:

o` path.r avgapa/| to.n ui`o,n (John 3:35)

o` qeo.j . . . o` euvlogn,saj h`ma/j evn . . . Cristw/|  (Eph 1:3)

oi;date do,mata avgaqa. dido,nai toi/j te,knoij u`mw/n  (Matt 7:11)

2. Accusative of Double Direct Object:

Certain verbs such as those of teaching, asking, reminding, and dressing can take both a personal and an impersonal direct object, neither of which is an object complement. The personal object acts like an indirct object logically, but not literally.

evdi,dasken auvtou.j evn parabolai/j polla.  (Mark 4:2)

to.n pate,ra aivthsei o` ui`oj ivcqu,n (Luke 11:11)

evpwth,sw u`ma/j kavgw. lo,gon e[na (Matt 21:24)

evkei/noj . . . u`pomnh,sei u`ma/j pa,nta a] ei=pon u`mi/n Îevgw,ÐÅ (John 14:26)

evxe,dusan auvto.n th.n porfu,ran kai. evne,dusan auvto.n ta. i`ma,tia auvtou/  (Mark 15:20)

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3. Accusative of General Reference extends the basic verbal activity “with reference to” or “toward” some terminal other than a direct object.

auvxh,swmen eivj auvto.n ta. pa,nta  (Eph 4:15)

mh. ovmnu,ete mh,te to.n ouvrano.n mh,te th.n gh/n  (Jas 5:12)

The accusative of general reference occurs regularly with oaths:

o`rki,zw u`ma/j to.n VIhsou/n o]n Pau/loj khru,sseiÅ  (Acts 19:13)

The accusative of general reference occurs frequently with infinitives, in which the          extension is in the direction of affording a subject for the verbal idea of the infinitive. The infinitive usually is in an objective status as regards the main verb of the sentence. For more examples see p. 53.

o` o;cloj . . . h;kousan tou/to auvto.n pepoihke,nai to. shmei/onÅ  (John 12:18)

o` de. qeo,j( a] prokath,ggeilen. . .paqei/n to.n cristo.n auvtou/( evplh,rwsen ou[twj (Acts 3:18)

The accusative of general reference also occurs with participles, in which the accusative word functions as the agent or subject of the verbal action in the participle:

to. daimo,nion . . . evxh/lqen avpV auvtou/ mhde.n bla,yan [bla,ptw = harm] auvto,nÅ  (Luke 4:35)

kai. auvtou.j evn tw/| ploi,w| katarti,zontaj ta. di,ktua  (Mark 1:19)

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4. Cognate Accusative consists of an object derived from the verb it completes, emphasizing in a secondary way and Hebraically what is already set forth in the verb itself. The cognate object may also have with it an adjective that is not cognate.

avgwni,zou to.n kalo.n avgw/na th/j pi,stewj  (1 Tim 6:12)

5. Complementary Accusative serves as an objective complement explaining or completing the objects of verbs of making, calling, naming, taking to be, and proving to be.

evpoi,hsen to. u[dwr o-non  (John 4:46)

Daui.d ou=n ku,rion auvto.n kalei/ (Luke 20:44)

mh. fobhqh/|j paralabei/n Mari,an th.n gunai/ka, sou\  (Matt 1:20)

evn w-| u`ma/j to. pneu/ma to. a[gion e;qeto evpisko,pouj (Acts 20:28)

eiv ga.r a] kate,lusa tau/ta pa,lin oivkodomw/( paraba,thn evmauto.n sunista,nwÅ  (Gal 2:18)

6. Adverbial Accusative.

In certain nouns the accusative case makes it virtually become an adverb.

dwrea.n evla,bete, dwrea.n  do,te (Matt 10:8)

To. loipo,n( avdelfoi, mou( cai,rete evn kuri,w|Å (Phil 3:1)

to.n ui`o.n tou/ avnqrw,pou avnabai,nonta o[pou h=n to. pro,teronÈ  (John 6:62)

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7. Accusative of Extent of Time indicates a temporal duration.

ti, w-de e`sth,kate o[lhn th.n h`me,ran avrgoi,È  (Matt 20:6)

ivdou. tosau/ta e;th douleu,w soi  (Luke 15:29)

8. Accusative of Specification tells how many (items, individuals), or how much (space, quantity), or where something is located.

avne,pesan ou=n oi` a;ndrej to.n avriqmo.n w`j pentakisci,lioiÅ  (John 6:10)

auvto.j avpespa,sqh avpV auvtw/n w`sei. li,qou bolh.n  (Luke 22:41)

gh/ Zaboulw.n kai. gh/ Nefqali,m( o`do.n qala,sshj( pe,ran tou/ VIorda,nou  (Matt 4:15)

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9. Prepositional Accusative.

Certain prepositions, especially eivj and avna,,,  take the accusative—and only the accusative.

eivj to.n ko,smon [place to which] (John 1:9);  avna. me,son (1 Cor 6:5)

The following prepositions occur with the accusative more than with other cases:

pro.j kairo.n [extent of time]  (Luke 8:13)

kaq’ o[lhn th.n po,lin [extent of space]  (Luke 8:39)

evpi. th.n gh/n [place to which]  (Matt 15:35)

The following prepositions occur with the accusative, but not as much as with the genitive    and ablative: dia, •  meta, •  peri,  •  u`pe,r  •  u`po,.

dia. th.n ca,rin [cause]  (Rom 15:15)

met’ ouv polla.j h`me,raj [extent of time] (Luke 15:13)

peri. to.n to,pon [extent of space]  (Acts 28:7)

kefalh.n u`pe.r pa,nta [extent of power]  (Eph 1:22)

u`po. th.n krataia.n xei/ra tou/ qeou/ [place]  (1 Peter 5:6)

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Case and Use Analysis Illustrated

Luke 8:26-29 Kai. kate,pleusan eivj th.n cw,ran^1 tw/n Gerashnw/n(2 h[tij evsti.n avntipe,ra th/j

Galilai,ajÅ^3 evxelqo,nti^4 de. auvtw/|5 evpi. th.n gh/n^6 u`ph,nthsen avnh,r^7 tij^8 evk th/j po,lewj^9 e;cwn

daimo,nia^10 kai. cro,nw^11| i`kanw/| ouvk evnedu,sato i`ma,tion^12 kai. evn oivki,a|13 ouvk e;menen avllV evn toi/j

mnh,masinÅ^14 ivdw.n^15 de. to.n VIhsou/n^16 avnakra,xaj^17 prose,pesen auvtw/|18 kai. fwnh/|19 mega,lh| ei=pen\

ti,20 evmoi^21. kai. soi,(22 VIhsou/23 ui`e^24. tou/ qeou^25/ tou/ u`yi,stouÈ^26 de,omai, sou(27 mh, me^28 basani,sh|jÅ

parh,ggeilen ga.r tw/| pneu,mati^29 tw/| avkaqa,rtw^30| evxelqei/n avpo. tou/ avnqrw,pouÅ^31 polloi/j^32 ga.r

cro,noij^33 sunhrpa,kei auvto.n^34 kai. evdesmeu,eto a`lu,sesin^35 kai. pe,daij^36 fulasso,menoj kai

diarrh,sswn ta. desma^37. hvlau,neto u`po. tou/ daimoni,ou^38 eivj ta.j evrh,moujÅ^39

Case abbreviations for the superscripted words are designated by the Enchiridion use numbers:

1. Ac-9

2. G-2

3. G-12

4. L-4

5. L-4

6. Ac-9

7. N-1

8. N-3

9. Ab-5

10. Ac-1

11. L-2

12. Ac-1

13. L-5

14. L-5

15. N-1

16. Ac-1

17. N-1

18. D-5

19. I-1

20. N-1

21. D-5

22. D-5

23. V

24. V

25. G-2

26. G-1

27. G-10(2)

28. Ac-1

29. D-6

30. D-6 appos.

31. Ab-5

32 L-2 appos.

33. L-2

34. Ac-1

35. I-1

36. I-1

37. Ac-1

38. Ab-5

39. Ac-9

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Pronoun Paradigms

A pronoun represents a noun or a noun phrase, its antecedent. Pronouns occur with great  frequency in the NT. In the following inventory approximately 250 all-different pronoun forms are assembled within their respective categories.

Personal Pronouns:  Inflectional forms are numbered: e.g., (1) = nominative.

First Person

(1)

evgw,

I

h`mei/j

we

(2)

evmou/, mou

my

h`mw/n

our

(3)

evmoi,, moi

to/for me

h`mi/n

to/for us

(4)

evme,, me

me

h`ma/j

us

Second Person

(1)

su,,

you

u`mei/j

you

(2)

sou/, sou

your

u`mw/n

your

(3)

soi,, soi

to/for you

u`mi/n

to/for you

(4)

se,, se

you

u`ma/j

you

Third Person

In the NT the intensive pronoun auvto,j, listed next,

replaced the Attic third-person pronouns of classical Greek.

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Intensive Pronouns:  order: singular m. f. n., then plural m. f. n.

(1)

auvto,j

auvth,

auvto,

auvtoi,

auvtai,

auvta,

(2)

auvtou/

auvth/j

auvtou/

auvtw/n

auvtw/n

auvtw/n

(3)

auvtw/|

auvth/|

auvtw/|

auvtoi/j

auvtai/j

auvtoi/j

(4)

auvto,n

auvth,n

auvto,

auvtou/j

auvta,j

auvta,

Translations and Uses of the Intensive Pronouns:

1. As the personal pronoun in the third person—he, his, to/for him, him, she, her, it, they, their ....

Ei=pen de. pro.j auvtou,j\ He said to them . . .  (Luke 24:44)

2. To emphasize a noun or pronoun with which it agrees (-self, even); it never comes between a noun and its definite article when it has this meaning.

auvto,j Daui.d ei=pen . . . David himself said . . . (Mark 12:36)

3. To identify a noun or pronoun with something already mentioned as being the same. It comes between the noun and its definite article, or it may stand as a pronoun with the article alone.

to. auvto. pneu/ma—the same spirit (2 Cor 4:13)

oi` evqnikoi. to.  auvto. poiou/sin—The nations do the same.

4. As a demonstrative {this, these, that, those}

evn auvth/| th/| w[ra|-in that hour (Luke 12:12); h` evpitimi,a  au[th—this punishment 2 Cor 2:6

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Possessive Pronouns :  order: singular m. f. n., then plural m. f. n.

1st per. s.

(1)

evmo,j

evmh,

evmo,n

evmoi,

evmai,

evma,

my

(2)

evmou/

evmh/j

evmou/

evmw/n

evmw/n

evmw/n

(3)

evmw/|

evmh/|

evmw/|

evmoi/j

evmai/j

evmoi/j

(4)

evmo,n

evmh,n

evmo,n

evmou/j

evma,j

evma,

1st per. pl.

(1)

h`mete,roj

h`mete,ra

h`me,teron

h`me,teroi

h`me,terai

h`me,tera

our

(2)

h`mete,rou

h`mete,raj

h`mete,rou

h`mete,rwn

h`mete,rwn

h`mete,rwn

(3)

h`mete,rw|

h`mete,ra|

h`mete,rw|

h`mete,roij

h`mete,raij

h`mete,roij

(4)

h`me,teron

h`mete,ran

h`me,teron

h`mete,rou/j

h`me,teraj

h`me,tera

2nd per. s.

(1)

so,j

sh,

so,n

soi,

sai,

sa,

your

(2)

sou/

sh/j

sou/

sw/n

sw/n

sw/n

(3)

sw/|

sh|/

sw/|

soi/j

sai/j

soi/j

(4)

so,n

sh,n

so,n

sou/j

sa,j

sa,

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2nd per. pl.

(1)

u`me,teroj

u`mete,ra

u`me,teron

u`me,teroi

u`me,terai

u`me,tera

your

(2)

u`mete,rou

u`mete,raj

u`mete,rou

u`mete,rwn

u`mete,rwn

u`mete,rwn

(3)

u`mete,rw|

u`mete,ra|

u`mete,rw|

u`mete,roij

u`mete,raij

u`mete,roij

(4)

u`me,teron

u`mete,ran

u`me,teron

u`mete,rou/j

u`me,teraj

u`mete,ra

3rd per. s./pl.:  Second [i.e., Gen.] and third [i.e., Dat.] forms of auvto,j are used (his, their, etc.)

Possessive pronouns agree in gender with that possessed—not the possessor.

to.n a;ndra sou [masc. s. “your husband”]  (John 4:16)

Possession is denoted in all the following ways:

1. By the use of possessive pronouns.

2. By merely the article when the context clearly indicates the possessor.

3. By the possessive genitive of the personal pronoun.

4. By the possessive genitive of the reflexive pronoun.

5. By the possessive dative of the personal pronoun.

6. By i;dioj when the idea of possession is emphatic.

page 99

Demonstrative Pronouns

Immediate Demonstrative (this, these)

(1)

ou-toj

au[th

tou/to

ou-toi

au-tai

tau/ta

(2)

tou,tou

tau,thj

tou,tou

tou,twn

tou,twn

tou,twn

(3)

tou,tw|

tau,th|

tou,tw|

tou,toij

tau,taij

tou,toij

(4)

tou/ton

tau,thn

tou/to

tou,touj

tau,taj

tau/ta

Remote Demonstrative (that, those)

(1)

evkei/noj

evkei,nh

evkei,no

evkei,noi

evkei,nai

evkei,na

(2)

evkei,nou

evkei,nhj

evkei,nou

evkei,nwn

evkei,nwn

evkei,nwn

(3)

evkei,nw|

evkei,nh|

evkei,nw|

evkei,noij

evkei,naij

evkei,noij

(4)

evkei/non

evkei,nhn

evkei,no

evkei,nouj

evkei,naj

evkei,na

Archaic Demonstratives:  (this-here one)

o[de

h[de

to,de

th/|de

page 100

Indefinite Pronouns:

The indefinite pronoun points out persons and things less clearly than demonstratives. Characteristic translations are: someone, anyone, some, any, somebody, a certain one, anything, something. Ti,j is enclitic in all its forms, so the following paradigm has been given just as if each word were surrounded by text and therefore without the accent expected on any word that stands alone. When the indefinite pronoun retains an accent as at the beginning of a sentence, the forms are accented like the interrogative pronouns.

(1)

tij

tij

ti

tinej

tinej

tina

(2)

tinoj

tinoj

tinoj

tinwn

tinwn

tinwn

(3)

tini

tini

tini

tisi

tisi

tisi

(4)

tina

tina

ti

tinaj

tinaj

tina

Interrogative Pronouns:

(1)

ti,j

ti,j

ti,

ti,nej

ti,nej

ti,na

(2)

ti,noj

ti,noj

ti,noj

ti,nwn

ti,nwn

ti,nwn

(3)

ti,ni

ti,ni

ti,ni

ti,si

ti,si

ti,si

(4)

ti,na

ti,na

ti,

ti,naj

ti,naj

ti,na

Qualitative Interrogative Pronouns: poi/oj, a, on—what sort of?

Quantitative Interrogative Pronouns: po,soj, h, on—how much/many?

page 101

Relative Pronouns:

A relative pronoun connects a subordinate clause with a main clause and qualifies or refers to a substantive, called its antecedent. It must agree with its antecedent in gender and number but is free to determine its case according to its use in the clause in which it occurs. In some instances the case of the relative is attracted to correspond to that of its antecedent, and sometimes vice versa. When the relative pronoun is used substantivally there may be no antecedent. Usually, the relative clause is adjectival, however.

The Relative Pronoun

(1)

o[j

h[

o[

oi[

ai[

a[

(2)

ou-

h-j

ou-

w-n

w-n

w-n

(3)

w-|

h-|

w-|

oi-j

ai-j

oi-j

(4)

o[n

h[n

o[

ou[j

a[j

a[

The Indefinite Relative Pronoun

(1)

o[stij

h[tij

o[ ti

oi[tinej

ai[tinej

ai[tina

(2)

o[tou

___

___

___

___

___

(3)

___

___

___

___

___

___

(4)

___

___

o[ ti

___

___

___

The indefinite relative pronoun may act as a regular simple relative (Luke 2:4).

page 102

Coordination of Relative Pronouns

A relative pronoun begins a clause qualifying a (preceding) substantive. The case of the relative pronoun will normally be determined by its function in the clause it introduces. As a pronoun it ordinarily has an antecedent—a word in the preceding context to which it refers and agrees in gender and number.

Normal Determination of Case (ex. = nom. subject of its clause):

nu/n de. zhtei/te, me avpoktei/nai a;nqrwpon o]j th.n avlh,qeian u`mi/n lela,lhka  (John 8:40)

Attraction of the Relative Pronoun to the Case of its Antecedent  (ex. = gen., not acc.)

peri. pa,ntwn w-n evpoi,hsen (Luke 3:19)

Attraction of the Relative Pronoun Sometimes to the Gender of Its Predicate (not its Antecedent).

th.n ma,cairan tou/ pneu/matoj, o[ evstin r`h/ma qeou/  (Eph 6:17)

Self-containment of the Relative Pronoun Without an Antecedent:

a[ evgw. e`w,raka para. tw/| patri. lalw/  (John 8:38, a[ = the things that).

page 103

Quantitative Relative Pronouns:

o[soj, -h, -on: as much, as far, as many, as great, as long

po,soj, -h, -on: how great, how much, how many

tosou/toj, -au,th, -ou/ton: so great, so large, so far, so strong

Qualitative Relative Pronouns:

oi-oj, -a, -on: of what sort, such as

o`poi/oj, -oi,a, -oi/on: of what sort

potapo,j, -h,, -o,n: of what sort, of what kind

toiou/toj, -au,th, -ou/ton: of such a kind, such

Negative Pronouns: These are always singular: no one, nothing, etc.

(1)

mhdei/j

mhdemi,a

mhde,n

ouvdei,j

ouvdemi,a

ouvde,n

(2)

mhdeno,j

mhdemia/j

mhdeno,j

ouvdeno,j

ouvdema/j

ouvdeno,j

(3)

mhdeni,

mhdemia/|

mhdeni,

ouvdeni,

ouvdemia/|

ouvdeni,

(4)

mhde,na

mhdemi,an

mhde,n

ouvde,na

ouvdemi,an

ouvde,n

page 104

Reflexive Pronouns:

The action reflects back to the subject (of myself, to yourselves, himself, themselves, etc.), but does not occur in the nominative.

(2)

evmautou/

evmauth/j

(of myself)

e`autw/n

e`autw/n

(of ourselves)

(3)

evmautw|/

evmauth/|

(for myself)

e`autoi/j

e`autai/j

(for ourselves)

(4)

evmauto,n

evmauth,n

(myself)

e`autou/j

e`auta,j

(ourselves)

(2)

seautou/

seauth/j

(of yourself)

e`autw/n

e`autw/n

(of yourselves)

(3)

seautw|/

seauth/|

(for yourself)

e`autoi/j

e`autai/j

(for yourselves)

(4)

seauto,n

seauth,n

(yourself)

e`autou/j

e`auta,j

(yourselves)

(2)

e`autou/

evauth/j

e`autou/

(of himself)

e`autw/n

e`autw/n

e`autw/n

(of themselves)

(3)

e`autw|/

evauth/|

e`autw|/

(for himself)

e`autoi/j

e`autai/j

e`autoi/j

(for themselves)

(4)

e`auto,n

evauth,n

e`auto,

(himself)

e`autou/j

e`auta,j

e`auta,

(themselves)

page 105

Reciprocal Pronouns:

A plural subject interacts. Hence, the pronoun is only in the plural (one another, each other); it cannot be in the nominative.

masc.

fem.

neut.

(2)

avllh,lwn

avllh,lwn

avllh,lwn

(of one another)

(3)

avllh,loij

avllh,laij

avllh,loij

(to one another)

(4)

avllh,louj

avllh,laj

a;llh,la

(one another)

Other Ways to Show Reciprocity:

1. The use of the middle voice with a plural subject:

evbouleu,santo de. oi` avrcierei/j  (John 12:10)

Ai` gunai/kej, u`pota,ssesqe toi/j avndra,sin  (Col 3:18)

2. The use of a reflexive pronoun in the plural:

le,gontej pro.j e`autou,j  (Mark 10:26)

eivrhneu,ete evn e`autoi/j (1 Thes 5:13)

page 106

`~l'(A[l. ~Wqïy" WnyheÞl{a/-rb;d>

to. de. r`h/ma kuri,ou me,nei eivj to.n aivw/naÅ

Isaiah 40:8 quoted in 1 Peter 1:25

An excellent set of references for OT quotations

and allusuons—perhaps the best to be found

anywhere—is located in the margins of the

Nestle-Aland text of the NT.

page 107

3 Adjectives, Adverbs, Articles

Adjectives

An adjectives agrees in case, number, and gender with the substantive it modifies.

Greek adjectives occur in one of three degrees: (1) simple; (2) comparative; (3) superlative.

Simple Adjectives: pist,oj, -h,, -o,n (m.f.n.): faithful, believing;  xe,noj, -h, -on: strange, foreign

Third Declension Simple Adjectives

m.s.

m.pl.

n.s.

n.pl.

m.s.

m.pl.

f.s.

f.pl.

n.s.

n.pl.

(1)

sw,frwn

sw,frontej

sw/fron

sw,frona

euvqu,j

euvqei/j

euvqei/a

euvqei,ai

euvqu,

euvqe,a

(2)

sw,fronoj

swfro,nwn

sw,fronoj

swfro,nwn

euvqe,oj

euvqe,wn

euvqei,aj

euvqeiw/n

euvqe,oj

euvqe,wn

(3)

sw,froni

sw,frosi

sw,froni

sw,frosi

euvqei/

euvqe,si

euvqei,a|

euvqei,aij

euvqei/

euvqe,si

(4)

sw,frona

sw,fronaj

sw/fron

sw,frona

euvqu,n

euvqei/j

euvqei,an

euvqei,aj

euvqu,

euvqe,a

m.s.

m.pl.

n.s.

n.pl.

(1)

avlhqh,j

avlhqei/j

avlhqe,j

avlhqh/

(2)

avlhqou/j

avlhqw/n

avlhqou/j

avlhqw/n

(3)

avlhqei/

avlhqe,si

avlhqei/

avlhqe,si

(4)

avlhqh/

avlhqei/j

avlhqe,j

avlhqh/

(5)

avlhqe,j

sw,frwn, -on: prudent

euvqu,j, -ei/a, -u,: straight

avlhqh,j, -e,j: true

page 108

Comparative and Superlative Adjectives

Comparative Adjectives:

The Greek comparative adjective is usually translated into English by “-er” or “more....”

ivscuro,j, -a,, -o,n: strong, mighty, powerful

ivscuro,teroj, ivscuro,tera, ivscuro,teron nom. s. m. f. n. + s. noun:  stronger

ivscuro,teroi, ivscuro,terai, ivscuro,tera nom. pl. m. f. n. + pl. noun:  stronger

An adjective like sofo,j, -h,, -o,n (wise) lengthens the vowel before the ending:

sofw,teroj, sofwte,ra, sofw,teron nom. s. m. f. n. + s. noun: wiser

An adjective like a;frwn, [wn], -on (foolish, ignorant) takes its stem < a;fronoj—gen.s.

avfrone,steroj avfroneste,ra, avfrone,steron nom. s. m. f. n. + s. noun: more ignorant

An irregular adjective like me,gaj, mega,lh, me,ga (great) uses a third declension paradigm instead of the regular comparative endings. Contracted forms are in blue bold:

m.f., s.

n. s.

m. f., pl.

n. pl.

mei,zwn

mei/zon

mei,zonej

mei,zouj

mei,zona

mei,zw

mei,zonoj

mei,zonoj

meizo,nwn

meizo,nwn

mei,zoni

mei,zoni

mei,zosi

mei,zousi

mei,zona

mei,zw

mei/zon

mei,zonaj

mei,zouj

mei,zona

mei,zw

greater + s. noun

greater + pl. noun

page 109

Comparative Constructions:

1. The comparative adjective—in the ascriptive or restrictive position—plus a noun:

krei,ttonoj evlpi,doj diV h-j evggi,zomen tw/| qew/|Å  (Heb 7:19)

evkblhqh,sontai eivj to. sko,toj to. evxw,teron\  (Matt 8:12)

2. The comparative adjective used as a substantive:

cwri.j de. pa,shj avntilogi,aj to. e;latton u`po. tou/ krei,ttonoj euvlogei/taiÅ  (Heb 7:7)

3. The simple or the comparative adjective plus the particle h;:

kalo,n soi, evstin eivselqei/n eivj th.n zwh.n kullo.n h' cwlo.n h' du,o cei/raj h' du,o po,daj e;conta blhqh/nai eivj to. pu/r to. aivw,nionÅ  (Matt 18:8)

[Often the use of the simple adjective plus h; for comparison has resulted from a Hebraism because neither Hebrew nor Aramaic had a comparative form: leukoi. oi` odo,ntej auvtou/ h' ga,la  (Gen 49:12b).]

krei/tton ga,r evstin gamh/sai h' purou/sqai (1 Cor 7:9)

4. The comparative adjective plus preposition followed by the accusative case:

o[ti oi` ui`oi. tou/ aivw/noj tou,tou fronimw,teroi u`pe.r tou.j ui`ou.j tou/ fwto.j  (Luke 16:8)

to. de. evpime,nein ÎevnÐ th/| sarki. avnagkaio,teron diV u`ma/jÅ  (Phil 1:24)

5. The comparative adjective plus the ablative [genitive] of comparison: “than”

o` de. ovpi,sw mou evrco,menoj ivscuro,tero,j mou, evstin  (Matt 3:11)

6. The comparative adjective is sometimes used for the rarer superlative:

mikro,teron o'n pa,ntwn tw/n sperma,twn tw/n evpi. th/j gh/j  (Mark 4:31)

page 110

Superlative Adjectives:

The Greek superlative adjective is usually translated by “-est” or “most . . . .”

ivscuro,tatoj, ivscurota,ta, ivscuro,taton nom. s. m. f. n. with s. noun:  strongest

ivscuro,tatoi, ivscuro,terai, ivscuro,tata nom. pl. m. f. n. with pl. noun:  strongest

An adjective like sofo,j, -h,, -o,n (wise) lengthens the vowel before the ending:

sofw,tatoj, sofwta,ta, sofw,taton nom. s. m. f. n. with s. noun: wisest

An adjective like a;frwn, [wn], -on (foolish, ignorant) takes its stem < a;fronoj—gen.s.

avfrone,statoj avfrone,stata, avfrone,staton nom. s. m. f. n. with s. noun: most foolish

Important Irregular Superlatives:

simple: me,gaj, mega,lh, me,ga (great); comparative: mei,zwn, -on  greater

me,gistoj, megi,sth, me,giston,  me,gistoi, me,gistai, me,gista:  greatest

polu,j,  pollh,,  polu, (many, much); comparative: plei,wn, -on [or ple,wn] more

plei/stoj,  plei/sth,  plei/ston,  plei/stoi,  plei/stai,  plei/sta:  most

[avgaqo,j], comparative: krei,ttwn, -on (better); superlative: kra,tistoj, -h, -on:  best

krei,sswn, -on (better); superlative: kra,tiste = voc. (Luke 1:3)

page 111

Adverbs

Comparative and Superlative Adverbs:

Just as adverbs are regularly formed by replacing the corresponding adjectival ending of the second inflectional form plural (-wn) with -wj (e.g., kalw,n becomes kalw/j), in similar fashion the regular -teroj of the comparative adjective becomes -te,rwj in the comparative adverb: dei/ perissote,rwj prose,cein h`ma/j toi/j avkousqei/sin  (Heb 2:1).

Also the comparative adverb is formed by using the comparative adjective in the accusative singular neuter: ai[mati r`antismou/ krei/tton lalou/nti para. to.n {AbelÅ (Heb 12:24)

The superlative adverb likewise uses the accusative, but in the plural of the neuter gender of the superlative adjective. i[na w`j ta,cista e;lqwsin pro.j auvto.nÅ  (Acts 17:15)

Comparatives and Superlatives of Certain Adverbs:

Simple

Comparative

Superlative

ma,la  very

ma/llon  more, rather

ma,lista  most, especially

polla,, polu,, greatly,

plei/on  more

very  much

ple,on   more

eu= (adv.)  well

krei/tton  better

krei/sson  better

belti,on better

h[de,wj  gladly

h[dion more gladly

h[|dista very gladly

evggu,j  near

evggu,teron nearer

e;ggista  nearest

tacu,    quickly

taci,on more quickly

ta,cista  most quickly

taxe,wj  at once

page 112

Distinctive Correlative Adverbs:

Time

Place

Manner

relative:

o[te  when

ou=   where

w=j   as

specific:

to,te then

w=de  here  evkei/ there

ou[twj  thus, in such a manner

interrogative:

po,te;  when?

po,te   when

pou/;  where?

pou/  where

pw/j;  how?

pw/j  how (indirect question)

indefinite:

pote,  once

pote  (enclitic form)

pou,  somewhere

pou (enclitic form)

pw,j  somehow

pwj  (enclitic form)

page 113

Articles

The Greek article is a linguistic handle for holding a word or group of words in thought. On average every seventh word is the article.

Absence of an Indefinite Article: such as “a/an” in English

Although there is no indefinite article in Greek, one should be supplied in English translation wherever it is needed to preserve the idiom: ivdw.n sukh/n avpo. makro,qen  (Mark 11:13)

When the NT writers just had to have the equivalent of an indefinite article, they had two options:

1. They used the cardinal number one:  ei=j,  mi,a,  e[n.

ivdw.n sukh/n mi,an evpi. th/j o`dou/  (Matt 21:19)

2. They used the indefinite pronoun ti,j  a certain . . . ,  some

a;nqrwpo,j tij h=n plou,sioj) (Luke 16:1)

Paradigm of the Definite Article:  the (m., f., n., singular and plural)

1.

o`

h`

to,

oi`

ai`

ta,

2.

tou/

th/j

tou/

tw/n

tw/n

tw/n

3.

tw/|

th/|

tw/|

toi/j

tai/j

toi/j

4.

to,n

th,n

to,

tou/j

ta,j

ta,

page 114

Articular Constructions:

Use of the Greek article indicates particularity. The article points out or demonstrates less emphatically than the demonstratives (this/these; that/those) p. 99. The article elevates for consideration as little as one letter or as much as a lengthy clause: to. w- (Rev 22:13);

evn tw/|\ avgaph,seij to.n plhsi,on sou w`j seauto,nÅ (Gal 5:14)

Versatility of the Greek Article:

In English, articles occur only before nouns, gerunds, adjectives, and adverbs. In Greek in addition to these, the article also may be used with:

pronouns: tw/n ga.r toiou,twn evsti.n h` basilei,a tw/n ouvranw/nÅ  (Matt 19:14)

proper names: ei-pen pro.j to.n Si,mwna  (Luke 5:4)

participles: oi` gegramme,noi evn tw/| bibli,w| th/j zwh/j  (Rev 21:27)

infinitives:  tou/ mh. evpignw/nai auvto,nÅ  (Luke 24:16)

prepositional and other phrases:  h` pi,stij u`mw/n h` pro.j to.n qeo.n  (1 Thes 1:8)

clauses, both short and long: to. ti, a'n qe,loi kalei/sqai auvto,Å  (Luke 1:62)

The Bracketing Force of the Article:

When the Greek article is used with more than one word, it brackets everything following it up to and inclusive of the word(s) it directly modifies.

h` oivkou/sa evn evmoi. a`marti,aÅ = h` [oivkou/sa evn evmoi. a`marti,a] “the dwelling-in-me sin” (Rom 7:17)

page 115

Functions of the Article:

1. Featuring a particular word or group of words for syntactical relations:

khru,sswn to. euvagge,lion (Matt 9:35)

2. Indication of previous mention—the anaphoric use:

avpe,steilan oi` avrcierei/j  . . . u`phre,taj  . . .

+Hlqon ou=n oi` u`phre,tai pro.j tou.j avrcierei/j  (John 7:32, 45)

3. Intensification of the demonstrative adjective/pronoun:

ou=toj o` a;nqrwpoj  (Luke 14:30)

4. Designation of a class, group, or a representative individual—the generic use:

auvto.j e;dwken tou.j me.n avposto,louj( tou.j de. profh,taj( tou.j de. euvaggelista,j (Eph 4:11)

a;xioj o` evrga,thj tou/ misqou/ auvtou/Å  (1 Tim 5:18)

5. Substitution for a possessive pronoun (as in French and German):

ouvdei.j evpe,balen evpV auvto.n ta.j cei/rajÅ  (John 7:44)

page 116

6. Substitution for a personal pronoun:

le,gei auvtoi/j\ ti, zhtei/teÈ oi` de. ei=pan auvtw/|\ r`abbi, . . .  (John 1:38)

pa,ntej oi` a[gioi( ma,lista de. oi` evk th/j Kai,saroj oivki,ajÅ  (Phil 4:22)

ouv mo,non to. th/j sukh/j poih,sete( avlla. . . .  (Matt 21:21)

7. Emphasis upon the accompanying adjective:

(1) in the ascriptive attributive position—

kai. ta. i;dia pro,bata fwnei/  (John 10:3)

(2) in the restrictive attributive position—

VEgw, eivmi o` poimh.n o` kalo,jÅ (John 10:11)

8. Alternative to the vocative:

evfw,nhsen le,gwn\ h` pai/j( e;geireÅ  (Luke 8:54)

9. Concretion for abstractions:

evkzhth,sate to. kalo.n kai. mh. to. ponhro,n  (Amos 5:14 LXX)

page 117

10. Hendiadys (‘one through [joining] two’—e[n + dia, + dusi, [du,o])

Construction:  article + noun + kai. + noun = one unit

Both nouns must be of the same gender and number. No adjective can be added to either noun within this sequence and the hendiadys remain.

o` qeo.j kai. path.r: translated: “God, the father” •  “the God who is father” (Eph 1:3)

tou.j de. poime,naj kai. didaska,louj: “pastor-teachers”  •  “teaching shepherds” (Eph 4:11)

The article above, tou.j, is used generically as well as being the handle for the hendiadys.

Additional nouns can be added in sequence with kai.: hendiatrisin (Matt 17:1)

hendiatessarin (Eph 3:18)

Exegetical Note: The coalescing function of a hendiadys does not identify absolutely the two nouns as one, but functionally as illustrated below:

tw/| qemeli,w| tw/n avposto,lwn kai. profhtw/n  (Eph 2:20)

tou.j avposto,louj kai. presbute,rouj eivj VIerousalh.m (Acts 15:2)

mete,bh evkei/qen tou/ dida,skein kai. khru,ssein evn tai/j po,lesin auvtw/nÅ  (Matt 11:1)

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Anarthrous Construction:

Anarthrous [Greek: an (not) + arthron (joint, article)] means the absence of the article where it could have been used if another meaning were intended. The article is not found in the following constructions:

1. When a personal word designates a general concept more than a specific individual:

paradw,sei avdelfo.j avdelfo.n eivj qa,naton kai. path.r te,knon  (Mark 13:12)

eiv e;xestin avndri. gunai/ka avpolu/sai  (Mark 10:2)

2. When a proper name, construed to be definite in itself, occurs:

Qwma/j de. ei-j evk tw/n dw,deka  (John 20:24)

[But, in Greek a proper name may have the article for emphasis, or for some contextual reason like anaphora:  e;rcetai o` VIhsou/j (John 20:26)

3. When used with a preposition, a word is far less likely to have the article than when no preposition occurs:

tou/ ko,smou . . . evn ko,smw|  (Col 2:20)

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4. When a predicate noun precedes an equative verb [eivmi, or gi,nomai]:

fw/j eivmi tou/ ko,smou  (John 9:5)

Contrast: evgw, eivmi to. fw/j tou/ ko,smou  (John 8:12)

The equative verb when elliptical can be supplied from the context:

kefalh. de. gunaiko.j o` avnh,r  (1 Cor 11:3)

5. When there is an imitation of a Hebraism, as in the Hebrew construct state in uses of Yahveh’s name genitivally, e.g., “. . . of Yahveh”

le,gomen evn lo,gw| kuri,ou  (1 Thes 4:15)

kai. nu/n ivdou. cei.r kuri,ou evpi. se.  (Acts 13:11)

evge,neto fwnh. kuri,ou\ (Acts 7:31)

poth,rion kuri,ou pi,nein (1 Cor 10:21)

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Translation of the Greek Article into English:

One dares not set up a simple rule of correspondences, translating with “the” only and always when the Greek article occurs, and never translating “a” or “an” because there is no indefinite article in Greek. It is much more complex than that. Here are the articular principles:

1. Sometimes to fit the English idiom, one must not translate the Greek article:

do,j moi tou/to to. u[dwr  (John 4:15)

to.n ’Iakw.b hvga,phsa  (Rom 9:13)

avpo. ’Ihsou/ Cristou/, o` ma,rtuj, o` pisto,j  (Rev 1:5)

o[ti o` qeo.j avga,ph evsti,n  (1 John  4:8)

kai. ta. nu/n, ku,rie  (Acts 4:29)

2. Sometimes the Greek article is better translated by the English indefinite article. This procedure is customary with the generic use of the article.

su. ei- o` dida,skaloj tou/ ’Israh.l  (John 3:10)

ouvk e;cei evxousi,an o` kerameu.j tou/ phlou/  (Rom 9:21)

ouvdei.j evpe,balen evpV auvto.n th.n cei/ra   (John 7:30)

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3. Sometimes the article will be better translated by :

a possessive pronoun:

VIhsou/j ou=n ivdw.n th.n mhte,ra  (John 19:26)

a relative pronoun:

o` a;rtoj o` evk tou/ ouvranou/ katabai,nwn  (John 6:50)

a personal pronoun:

o` de. e;fh auvtoi/j\  (Matt 13:28)

4. Sometimes the anarthrous construction in Greek will permit an articular translation in English. {See the preceding section (pages 118-119) on Anarthrous Construction, numbers 3,4,5 for examples of expressions that normally will be more satisfactorily put into English by inclusion of the definite article.} Just one example will be given here—a Hebraism, given in translation first  without and then with the supplied article:

pneu/ma kuri,ou evp’ evme.  (Luke 4:18)

“Yahveh’s spirit is upon  me.”

“The spirit of Yahveh is upon me.”

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Attributive Position

Positions of Attributive Adjectives, Adjectival Participles, and Adjectival Pronouns:

The ascriptive attributive possible positions:

Ÿ      article + adjective + noun

Ÿ      article + noun + adjective

Ÿ      adjective + article + noun

Ÿ      adjective + noun

Ÿ      noun + adjective

Ÿ      noun + article + adjective

kainou.j de. ouvranou.j kai. gh/n kainh.n kata. to. evpa,ggelma auvtou/  (2 Peter 3:13)

pa/j ga.r o` aivtw/n  (Luke 11:10)                o` kratw/n tou/j e`pta. avste,raj  (Rev 2:1)

eivrh,nhn th.n evmh.n  (John 14:27)                       diamerizo,menai glw/ssai  (Acts 2:3)

The restrictive attributive position:  article + noun + article + adjective

tou/ lo,gou th/j zwh/j  (1 John  1:1)

The predicative attributive is used in the predicate with an equative verb, written or implied:

maka,rioi oi` kaqaroi. th/| kardi,a|  (Matt 5:8)

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4 Negatives, Conditional Sentences, Prepositions, Accents, Conjunctions

Negatives:

1. In general: ouv (ouvk, ouvci) is used with the Indicative mood as the objective negative adverb.

mh, (mh,ti) is used with the Subjn., Opt., Imv., Inf., and Ptc.

ouv duna,meqa ga.r h`mei/j a] ei;damen kai. hvkou,samen mh. lalei/nÅ  (Acts 4:20)

2. In questions: ouv (ouvk, ouvci) is used when an affirmative response is expected.

ouvk oi;date o[ti . . . ; “Do not you know that . . . ? [yes assumed] (Rom 6:16)

mh, (mh,ti) is used when an negative  response is expected.

mh,ti evgw, eivmi, ku,rie; “It is not I, Lord, is it? [no assumed]  (Matt 26:22)

In the example that follows, the main verb is already negative, to which mh, has been added so as to question doubtfully the whole negative idea:

mh. ouvk h;kousan; [mh, was used here with the negative indicative clause.]

“It is not that they have not heard, is it?” [no assumed]  (Rom 10:18)

3. In syntax: The double negative = ordinary negative in English—not a double negative reversal.

evn evkei,nh| th/| h`me,ra| evme. ouvk evrwth,sete ouvde,n [neg. + neg. pronoun]  (John 16:23)

e;qhken auvto.n evn mnh,mati . . . ou- ouvk h=n ouvdei.j ou;pw kei,menojÅ  (Luke 23:53)

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4. In emphasis: ouv mh, is used with the aorist subjunctive or future indicative to deny a possibility:

o` pisteu,wn evpV auvtw/| ouv mh. kataiscunqh/|Å  (1 Peter 2:6)

The negative conjunction ouvde, can result in a triple negative in form, but intends only emphatic denial: ouv mh, se avnw/ ouvdV ouv mh, se evgkatali,pw  (Heb 13:5)

5. In conditions: ouv is used in the protasis of Class1. (example: p. 127—Luke 18:4b)

mh, is used in the protasis of Classes 2 and 3 (Class 2, p. 128—John 18:30)

6. In exceptions: mh, is regularly used (eiv + mh, = “except”)  mhde.n eiv mh. r`a,bdon mo,non (Mark 6:8)

7. In single words:

a (alpha privitive) + noun or verb = un-, not (e.g., a;karpoj, avkaire,omai)

ouvdamw/j  by no means

ouvdei/j, ouvdemi,a, ouvde,n = neg. pronoun and adjective: none, no

ouvde, (neg. conjunction) and not, nor, also not, neither, not even

ouvde,pote (adverb) never

ouvde,pw (adverb) not yet

ouvke,ti (adverb) no more, no longer, no further

ou;pw (adverb) not yet

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Negative words (con’d):

ou;te (adverb) and not;  ou;te . . . ou;te  neither . . . nor

ouvci (intensive of ouv) not, no, by no means

ou;  (particle) no: o` de, fhsin\ ou; (Matt 13:29)

mhdamw/j  and mhqamw/j  (adverb) by no means, certainly not, no

mhde,  (neg. disjunctive particle) and not, nor, but not, not even

mhdei,j, mhdemi,a mhde,n  = neg. pronoun and adj.: nobody, nothing, no

mhde,pote (adverb) never

mhde,pw (adverb) not yet

mhke,ti (adverb) no longer, not from now on

mh,pote (conjunction and particle) never, not . . . lest, whether perhaps

mh,pou or mh, pou (conjunction) lest

mh,pw (adverb) not yet

mh,pwj or mh, pwj (conjunction) not, lest somehow

mh,te (copula) and not; mh,te . . . mh,te  neither . . . nor

mh,ti (interrogative particle expecting a negative answer) not

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Conditional Sentences

Conditional Sentence: a complex sentence having a main clause and a subordinate “if” clause.

Protasis: the condition itself, i.e., the “if” clause.

Apodosis: the concluding result, i.e., the main clause of the sentence.

Order of Protasis and Apodosis: Either clause may come first.

Mood: basic determinant of the nature of the condition.

Types:  There are four basic types of conditional sentences:

Class 1:  The “if” clause is assumed to be true.

Class 2:  The “if” clause is assumed to be contrary to the fact.

If it contains a negative, the negative text is treated as untrue.

Class 3:   The “if” clause is assumed to be a possibility that could go either way.

Class 4:    The “if” clause is assumed to be remotely possible.

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Construction of Class 1 Conditions:

Protasis

Apodosis

eiv (normally) + Ind. mood (any tense) eva,n (occasionally)

negative whenever used: ouv

Ind. (any tense)—normally.

But the mood may be:

Imv. John 7:4; 8:39; 10:24; 20:15;Ac 4:9-10

Subjn. John 7:23—luqh/|

Assumptions of the Conditional Clauses:

Class 1 — Assumed to be actual, fulfilled, or correct:

The argument builds on the indicative mood as stating a fact whether actual or hypothetical: “determined as fulfilled” (Robertson). In Class 1, “if” often means because, or even though i.e., although. Class 1 illustrations with translations for some of these follow:

eiv de. evn pneu,mati qeou/ evgw. evkba,llw ta. daimo,nia( a;ra e;fqasen evfV u`ma/j h` basilei,a tou/ qeou/Å (Matt 12:28) “But if I by God's spirit expel demons—and I do—then . . .” or “Because I expel demons by God's spirit, therefore . . . .”

ei; tij e;cei w=ta avkou,ein (protasis) avkoue,tw (apodosis)Å  (Mark 4:23)

eiv kai. to.n qeo.n ouv fobou/mai ouvde. a;nqrwpon evntre,pomai( . . . evkdikh,sw auvth,n  (Luke 18:4-5)  Although I am an atheist and no humanitarian . . . I will adjudicate her case . . .” [When the protasis has negatives as here (ouv, ouvde.) it is assumed that the negative statements are correct as negatively expressed. The judge was accurate in saying he does not fear God.] Other examples assuming the correctness of a negative condition: John 10:37; Rev 20:15.

Additional Class 1 examples: future tense in both clauses (Matt 26:33); past tenses in both clauses —aorist and imperfect (Acts 11:17); aorist tense in protasis, future in apodosis (Rom 3:3).

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Construction of Class 2 Conditions:

Protasis

Apodosis

eiv + Ind. mood in a past tense

negative: mh, whenever used in protasis;

in apodosis ouv may be used (Gal 1:10).

a;n (never first in clause) + Ind. in past tense

a;n sometimes is omitted (John 15:22) if

context requires a Class 2 understanding.

Assumption of the Class 2 Conditions—assumed to be inaccurate and unsustainable. The argument states a premise whether actual or hypothetical, assumed to be contrary to fact or “determined as unfulfilled” (Robertson).

Time-Assumptions of Class 2 Conditions:

imperfect in protasis and apodosis = present time

aorist or pluperfect in protasis and apodosis = past time

Illustrations:

eiv evk tou/ ko,smou h=te( o` ko,smoj a'n to. i;dion evfi,lei\ (John 15:19) “If you [right now] were the product of the world, it would like its own.”

eiv evn Tu,rw| kai. Sidw/ni evge,nonto ai` duna,meij ai` geno,menai evn u`mi/n( pa,lai a'n evn sa,kkw| kai. spodw/| meteno,hsanÅ (Matt 11:21) “For if the miracles done among you had occurred in Tyre and Sidon, those cities long ago would have repented, garbed in burlap and covered with ashes.”

eiv mh. h=n ou-toj kako.n poiw/n( ouvk a;n soi paredw,kamen auvto,nÅ (John 18:30) [It is assumed in the protasis that it is not that he was not doing evil; thus it is assumed he was doing evil. This assumption was inaccurate in itself, but it illustrates that grammatical constructions permit anything to be assumed. Note also the different negatives used in each clause. Finally note that no negatives are needed to have a contrary-to-fact, i.e., Class 2 conditional sentence.

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Construction of Class 3 Conditions:

Protasis

Apodosis

eva,n (regularly) + Subjn.

a;n (shortened eva,n, found in John occasionally)

eiv  (rare);

eva,nper (Heb 3:14; 6:3)

negative: always mh,  whenever used in protasis

any form of verb, but usually featuring the futuristic present Ind., future Ind., or the Imv.

Assumption of the Class 3 Conditions—assumed to be an open question as to whether the condition will be met; the argument states an uncertainty; it is “undetermined with prospect of determination” (Robertson).

Translation:  “If” suffices for translation in most cases.  Illustrations:

eva,n tij diya/| evrce,sqw pro,j me kai. pine,twÅ  (John 7:37)

Peritomh. me.n ga.r wvfelei/ eva.n no,mon pra,ssh|j\ (Rom 2:25)

eva.n o`mologh,sh|j . . . kai. pisteu,sh|j . . .  swqh,sh|\  (Rom 10:9)

eva,n tij avgapa/| to.n ko,smon( ouvk e;stin h` avga,ph tou/ patro.j evn auvtw/|\  (1 John  2:15)

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Construction of Class 4 Conditions:

Protasis

Apodosis

eiv +  Opt.

a;n (never first in clause)  +  Opt.

Assumption of the Class 4 Conditions—“remote prospect of determination” (Robertson)

Rarity:  There is no complete example of a Class 4 condition in the LXX or NT.

avllV eiv kai. pa,scoite dia. dikaiosu,nhn( maka,rioiÅ (1 Peter 3:14); see also Acts 20:16b.

Informal Implied Conditions:

1. The condition can be stated without using one of the four formal structures. An imperative with and is substituted.

pneu,mati peripatei/te kai. evpiqumi,an sarko.j ouv mh. tele,shteÅ  (Gal 5:16)

[equivalent protasis]              [apodosis]

2. The condition may be implicit in the adverbial use of the participle.

pa/n kti,sma qeou/ kalo.n kai. ouvde.n avpo,blhton meta. euvcaristi,aj lambano,menon\(1 Tim 4:4)

[apodosis]                                                      [protasis]

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Irregularities in the Use of Conditions:

Mixed Conditions:

The protasis of one class may sometimes be found with the apodosis of another class.

eiv e;cete pi,stin w`j ko,kkon sina,pewj( evle,gete a'n th/| sukami,nw| Îtau,th|Ð\ (Luke 17:6)

[Class 1 protasis]                                  [Class 2 apodosis]

VIoudai/oi( ou]j e;dei evpi. sou/ parei/nai kai. kathgorei/n ei; ti e;coien pro.j evme,Å (Acts 24:19)

[Class 1 or 2 apodosis]                                   [Class 4 protasis]

Elliptical Apodoses:

Only the ptotasis is stated because the apodosis is obviously implied.

[ouvde.n kako.n eu`ri,skomen evn tw/| avnqrw,pw| tou,tw|\] eiv de. pneu/ma evla,lhsen auvtw/| h' a;ggelojÈ [apodosis = what could we do about it anyway?]  (Acts 23:9)

avmh.n le,gw u`mi/n( eiv doqh,setai th/| genea/| tau,th| shmei/on . . . [apodosis = it would contradict all that I am and stand for] (Mark 8:12). This elliptical apodosis in Mark 8:12 reproduces the Hebrew oath-type formula observed in 2 Sam 11:11c; Gen 42:15; Isa 22:14. This Hebrew idiom means emphatic negation. The closest parallel in English is the American frontier idiom, a pledge of performance: “I cross my heart and hope to die if . . . so and so that the speaker has control over does not happen.”

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Prepositions

A Configuration of the Spacial Basics of Prepositions

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Accents

Three Single Accents:

,

acute

.

grave

/

circumflex

Backspacing Key to Numbered Order of Syllables:

ultima

1 = first

syllable right to left

penult

2 = second

syllable right to left

antepenult

3 = third

syllable right to left

4 = fourth

syllable right to left

5 = fifth

syllable right to left

General Rule for Nouns and Adjectives:

If the numbered syllable carries the accent, that accent will be (as marked with scarlet):

5 none

4 none

3 short

2 short

1 short

, if 1 is short

,

, punctuation or nothing follows

. another word,, not an enclitic, follows

5 none

4 none

3 long

2  long

1  long

. if 1 is short

/ or , if 1 is short;

/ or , pulled forward from 2 to 1

. another word, not an enclitic, follows

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Recessive Accents in Verbs:

Syllables:

4

3

2

1

backspace order

none

short or long

,

short

le, lu ka

ev po reu, on to

short or long

,

long

lu e, tw

ev po reu, qh

long

/

short

lu/ e

eu= ron

all other instances

,

eiv do, tej

lu, h|

long

/

h-n,  evl qei/n

only use of:

eivpe. lo,gw|

.

when followed by

another word, not

an enclitic:

,

when followed by

punctuation or an enclitic:

. . . eivsi,n. hvpi,sthsa,n tinej

Read "when” with each section of the chart. For example, (top line): When the ultima is short, the acute accent falls on the antepenult; but see  lue,tw on the third line of Greek down, where the ultima is long and the acute accent, therefore, falls on the penult.

Note: Rules of recessive accent do not apply to infinitives.

Note: Final -ai and -oi are considered short.

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Proclitics and Enclitics

Proclitics are those few short words that normally have no accent and ‘lean forward’ to be pronounced with the word that follows them:

o`,   h`,   oi`,   ai`,   eivj,   evn,   evk,   evx,   w`j,   eiv,   ouv,   ouvk,   ouvc.

Proclitics pick up an acute accent only in the rare instances when they receive one from a following enclitic, or when they occur as the last word in the sentence.

Enclitics consist of a small number of one- and two-syllable words that usually ‘lean back’ their accent to the word that precedes them. In a case where they cannot give their accent to the preceding word [two acutes cannot be placed on adjacent syllables], they may keep their accent, or lose it altogether. Many enclitics are found among the personal pronouns—mou [mh, mou a[ptou (John 20:17)],  moi,  me, sou, soi, se—and the indefinite pronouns—tij  ti, in all their forms (paradigm, p. 100). Other enclitics include most of the present-tense forms of the verb “to be”:     eivmi,, evsti,(n), evsme,n, evste,,, eivsi,(n) and the verb fhmi,,  fhsi,(n). Besides these there are the enclitic particles: pote,,  pw,j,  ge,,  te,, and the enclitic adverb pou,.

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Illustrations of Enclitics:

An acute is added to the ultima of the leaned-on word:

when the antepenult is accented:   [Ellhne,j tinej (John 12:20)

when a circumflex is on the penult:  gunai/ke,j tinej (Luke 24:22)

when a proclitic precedes it:  ei;j tina kw,mhn (Luke 17:12)

when a grave accent otherwise would be on the ultima:  i`lasmo,j e`stin (1 John 2:2) .

An enclitic may keep its accent:

when a word cannot receive successive acutes:  h`me,raj  tina.j (Acts 9:19)

when it begins a sentence:  tine.j de, tw/n Farisai,wn (Luke 6:2)

when it precedes another enclitic:  eiv mh, tine,j eivsin [ti,nej became tine,j] (Gal 1:7) .

An enclitic will normally lose its accent:

when it is monosyllabic:  ouvde. to.n pate,ra tij evpiginw,skei (Matt 11:27)

when it follows a word accented on the ultima:  kai, tinej (Mark 7:1)

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Conjunctions

Coordinating conjunctions connect words, phrases, and main clauses, including sentences that are on a par with one another:

1. Simple coordinators

kai, (and), de, (and), te (and),

h; (or),  ei;te (or)

2. Negative coordinators:

ouvde, (and not, not), mhde, (and not),

ou;te (and not, nor),

mhte,  (and not, nor)

3. Adversative coordinators:

avlla, (but), de, (but),

plh,n (but, nevertheless, however),

me,ntoi (nevertheless),

kai,toi  (and yet)

4. Inferential coordinators:

ga,r  (for),

ou-n  (therefore),

dio,  (for this reason), dio,ti (therefore)

a-ra  (untranslated; used to introduce direct questions

that build on what has gone before = an emotional thus?)

a;ra  (then, consequently, as a result)

dh,    (indeed, therefore)

o[qen (therefore, hence)

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Subordinating conjunctions connect dependent sentence elements, especially subordinate clauses to the main clause.

1. Purpose clauses:

i[na  (for the purpose of, in order that)

o[poj (in order that)

2. Result clauses:

o[poj (with the result that, so that)

3. Temporal clauses:

o[te   (when, while, as long as)

o[tan (at the time that, whenever)

e[wj  (until)

4. Causal clauses:

o[ti  (because), dio,ti (because)

evpei, (because, since), evpeide, (because)

5. Conditional clauses:

eiv (‘if’, ‘whether’), eva,n (if),

ei;per (if indeed)

6. Concessional clauses:

ka;n (even if, even though)

7. Comparative clauses:

kaqw,j (just as), kaqa,per (just as)

w`j (as),  w[sper ([just] as)

8. Circumstantial clauses:

o[pou (where), ou= (where)

9. Statement clauses:

o[ti  (that for indirect statement; or “. . .” when

construed to be a direct statement—a quotational o[ti)

e;legon o[ti gleu,kouj memestwme,noi eivsi,nÅ  (Acts 2:13)

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5 The Technique of Textual Transcription For Greek Exegesis

Textual transcription is a syntactical technique that finds the joints in a block of Greek text, and keeping the biblical word order, copies the text in a new grammatical format. The  grammatical relationships and syntactical transitions are indicated by subordination and showing parallelism. The text always flows left to right, down a line at a time at the appropriate junctures. The great benefit of this method is that it causes the main ideas to appear, hinged by the text’s own transitions and highlighted by parallels.

Textual transcription requires about 93% grammatical-syntactical skill and 7% art, in that decisions must be made in reference to allowable alternatives. This technique will not  automatically solve the ambiguities in the grammar. However, it will make one acutely aware of them as he painstakingly decides the relationships intended by the biblical author within his texts.

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Broad Working Principles for Textual Transcription

1. After having scrutinized the Greek sentence thoroughly, copy it left to right on a page placed in the landscape position. Begin new sentences, unless bound tightly to subordinate or parallel networks, at the left margin.

2. Carefully consider every verb—the strongest element in each sentence. Give each verb a break, i.e., its own line on which to stand with its modifiers, objects, and phrases. Exception: periphrastic verbs.

3. Decide which segments of the text begin a break and how they are to be lowered:

(1) by subordination—placed down one line immediately after the last word of the preceding text.

(2) by parallelism—placed down one line directly under any word, phrase, or clause with which it fits.

4. As little as one word may stand on a line (e.g., a vocative), or as much as a lengthy coherent simple sentence. The look of one’s transposition will be determined by the subject matter of the text. Careful attention to parallels will restrict excessive horizontal flow and not make extensions of paper to the right necessary.

page 141

5. Avoid oversegmentation. Find the joints of the bony structure, but do not break any bones in the process. Retrace the author’s own syntactical process without the obvious reductionism that he wrote only one word at a time.

6. Usually, restudying of one’s copied text will reveal a new insight, an inaccuracy, or an overlooked parallel. Make the changes. Recopying the page is Standard Operational Procedure (SOP) once, twice, or more.

7. Stylistic variations may be developed by the transposer by the use of side brackets, arrows, dotted oblique connections, and ideograms. These, strictly speaking, are not part of the transcription, but useful personal overlays not illustrated in the examples below.

2 Timothy 3:16-4:2a Transcribed

16 pa/sa grafh. qeo,pneustoj

kai.                wvfe,limoj

pro.j didaskali,an(

pro.j evlegmo,n(

pro.j evpano,rqwsin(

pro.j paidei,an th.n evn dikaiosu,nh|(

17 i[na a;rtioj h=| o` tou/ qeou/ a;nqrwpoj(

pro.j pa/n e;rgon avgaqo.n evxhrtisme,nojÅ

4:1 Diamartu,romai evnw,pion tou/ qeou/

kai. Cristou/ VIhsou/

tou/ me,llontoj

kri,nein zw/ntaj

kai.  nekrou,j(

kai. th.n evpifa,neian auvtou/

kai. th.n basilei,an auvtou/\

2 kh,ruxon to.n lo,gon . . .

page 142

1 Corinthians 11:2-5 Transcribed

2  VEpainw/ de. u`ma/j

o[ti pa,nta mou me,mnhsqe

kai. kaqw.j pare,dwka u`mi/n(

ta.j parado,seij kate,ceteÅ

3  qe,lw de. u`ma/j

eivde,nai

o[ti panto.j avndro.j h` kefalh.           o` Cristo,j evstin(

kefalh. de. gunaiko.j o` avnh,r(

kefalh. de.        tou/ Cristou/       o` qeo,jÅ

4   pa/j               avnh.r proseuco,menoj

h' profhteu,wn

kata. kefalh/j e;cwn

kataiscu,nei th.n kefalh.n             auvtou/Å

5  pa/sa de. gunh.           proseucome,nh

h' profhteu,ousa

avkatakalu,ptw|

th/| kefalh/|

kataiscu,nei th.n kefalh.n   auvth/j\

page 143

Technical Guidelines for Textual Transcription:

The basic principles of textual transcription have already been set forth. What follows are guidelines for the specific sequences whose format might not be readily apparent from the basic principles:

1. A participial, like a verb, should have its own line.

~O de. ~Hrw,|dhj ivdw.n to.n VIhsou/n

evca,rh li,an  (Luke 23:8)

tou/to de. e;legen

peira,zwn auvto,n\  (John 6:6)

2. A substantival participle should stay on the line with its verb unless the verb is lowered for other reasons.

o` ga.r avpoqanw.n dedikai,wtai avpo. th/j a`marti,ajÅ  (Rom 6:7)

3. When the independent clause repeats a word in a preceding subordinate clause, honor the               parallelism first.

Eiv zw/men pneu,mati(

pneu,mati kai. stoicw/menÅ  (Gal 5:25)

[Note above how kai. joins the two words preceding it, not the word before and after it.]

page 144

4. Likewise, if a conditional clause keys on a word in a preceding sentence, place it under the key word instead of in the normal left margin position for new sentences.

o[ti evsme.n te,kna qeou/Å

eiv de. te,kna(

kai. klhrono,moi [evsme,n]\   (Rom 8:16-17)

5.  When establishing a cognate parallel, let the internal parallel take precedence over that of lining up initial letters.

kai. klhrono,moi\

klhrono,moi me.n qeou/(

sugklhrono,moi de.  Cristou/   (Rom. 8:17)

[Note also that the last word above was moved one extra space to the right to establish yet another parallel.]

6.  Prepositional phrases that are grammatically joined by a conjunction should be kept parallel           even if their ideas are sequential.

o` qeo.j to.n e`autou/ ui`o.n pe,myaj evn o`moiw,mati sarko.j a`marti,aj

kai. i.                   a`marti,aj  (Rom 8:3)

7.  An appositive (the second of juxtaposed nouns or noun equivalents related in the same way to the rest of the sentence and having no coordinating conjunction) should be kept on the same line.

to. de. te,loj zwh.n aivw,nionÅ  (Rom 6:22)

page 145

When there are plural appositives for a singular collective noun, they should be set in parallel, but coordinately, so as to reflect that apposition to the collective noun.

sunh,cqh to. presbute,rion tou/ laou/(

avrcierei/j te kai. grammatei/j(   (Luke 22:66)

8. A clause or phrase set in the restrictive attributive position must not be paralleled below or subordinated.

o` o;cloj polu.j o` evlqw.n eivj th.n e`orth,n . . . (John 12:12)

9. When a restrictive attributive series contains an appositive of the genitive case, then the appositive alone should be paralleled.

kai. auvto,j evstin h` kefalh. tou/ sw,matoj

th/j evkklhsi,aj\  (Col 1:18)

10. Whenever possible—always, if within a single sentence—keep a formal comparison parallel.

i[na w[sper hvge,rqh Cristo.j evk nekrw/n . . .

ou[twj kai. h`mei/j evn kaino,thti zwh/j peripath,swmenÅ  (Rom 6:4)

11.  Put the relative pronoun under the end of its antecedent when it immediately follows it. If a preposition or parallel(s) intervene, let it sit under the antecedent in the regular position at the beginning of the word.

avndri.       (Luke 1:27)                |    evn pa/sin toi/j e;qnesin     (Rom 1:5,6)

w=| o;noma ' Iwsh.f                       |     . . .

evn oi=j    evste kai. u`mei/j klhtoi.

page 146

12. Subordination separates all subordinate clauses from independent clauses no matter which comes first.

ei; tij evn lo,gw| ouv ptai,ei(

ou-toj te,leioj avnh.r dunato.j  . . .  (James 3:2)

kalo.n h=n auvtw/|

eiv ouvk evgennh,qh o` a;nqrwpoj evkei/nojÅ  (Matt 26:24)

13. A shift in mood from indicative to imperative requires subordination.

a] kai. evma,qete

kai. parela,bete

kai. hvkou,sate

kai. ei;dete evn evmoi,(

tau/ta                pra,ssete\  (Phil. 4:9)

14. Keep a periphrastic verb all together on one line.

i[na h` cara. h`mw/n peplhrwme,nh h=|Å    (2 John 12)

15. If constraints of space are crucial, a subordinate clause may subordinate from its key word in         the preceding clause rather than subordinating in the regular way at the end of it. In so doing, draw a hyphen-downline-hyphen to distinguish the subordination from parallelism.

le,gousin -| auvtw/| oi` maqhtai,\

|_r`abbi,( nu/n evzh,toun se liqa,sai oi` VIoudai/oi(  (John 11:8)

page 147

16. Show implied ellipsis by leaving space for it under the appropriate words of line one.

e;cei kau,chma(

avllV           ouv pro.j qeo,nÅ  (Rom 4:2)

tw/| ga.r no,mw| tou/ qeou/ ouvc u`pota,ssetai(

ouvde.           ga.r du,natai\  (Rom 8:7b)

Note  Another time when more than one space between words will be found horizontally on a line occurs in the stretching of either a first or second line to accommodate two parallels:

mo,lij ga.r u`pe.r          dikai,ou

tij avpoqanei/tai\

u`pe.r ga.r tou/ avgaqou/                            (Rom 5:7)

Whenever the horizontal space stretches out on a line a little finger’s length or more—  broken hyphens [- - - - - - -] may be used to direct the eye across the line to the parallel.

17. In a parallel phrase or clause in which only a part of the lowered line is parallel, color the same [or underline] the words in both lines that begin the parallel and let the preceding words of line two backspace from the underlined part.

dida,skwn auvtou.j w`j evxousi,an e;cwn

kai. ouvc w`j oi` grammatei/jÅ  (Mark 1:22)

page 148

18. Colors can be used for parallels on screen and underlining for paper transcriptions:

(1) In a section that contains parallels of a term, choose a color to highlight that term or underline the parallels on paper and use descender dots (drawn with a straight edge to connect them).

(2) When working off screen, connect parallels by underlining and vertical dots if one line or more intervenes.

o[ti toi/j avgapw/sin to.n qeo.n

:                                 pa,nta sunergei/ eivj avgaqo,n(

toi/j kata. pro,qesin klhtoi/j ou=sinÅ  (Rom 8:28)

(3) When working off screen, underline parallels on successive lines if needed to differentiate them from accompanying words.

prow,risen summo,rfouj th/j eivko,noj tou/ ui`ou/ auvtou/(                (Rom 8:29)

eivj to. ei=nai auvto.n

prwto,tokon evn polloi/j avdelfoi/j\

(4) Neither color nor underline transparent successive parallels:

pe,peismai ga.r

o[ti ou;te qa,natoj

ou;te zwh.

ou;te a;ggeloi

ou;te avrcai.  . . . .   (Rom 8:38)

page 149

19. Vertical dots connecting parallels are unnecessary when colors are used. One easily looks down the same column for the repetition of royal blue or the chosen color. When working with hand-copied text on paper, connect by descending dots the first letters of parallel terms. Any word with dots descending through the middle of it is not a part of the parallelism.

20. Keep an intensive pronoun side by side with the word it intensifies.

a;ra ou=n auvto.j evgw. tw/| me.n noi> douleu,w no,mw| qeou/      (Rom 7:25)

21. Keep a hendiadys in spite of the kai, all on the same line as would be expected.

evn auvth/| euvlogou/men to.n ku,rion kai. pate,ra   (Jas 3:9)

22. There are three kinds of parallelism:

synonymous  (defining the key word or repeating it)

h=n de. Maria.m

h` avlei,yasa        to.n ku,rion mu,rw|

kai.   evkma,xasa tou.j po,daj auvtou/ tai/j qrixi.n auvth/j  (John 11:2)

page 150

synthetical  parallelism  (adding elements, parts, qualities in sequence)

polloi. . . . evlhlu,qeisan pro.j th.n Ma,rqan

kai.    Maria.m  (John 11:19)

antithetical parallelism (making any contrast: as of antonyms, negatives, or degrees)

eiv o` qeo.j u`pe.r h`mw/n(

ti,j

kaqV h`mw/nÈ       (Rom 8:31)

w[ste kai. o`   gami,zwn th.n e`autou/ parqe,non kalw/j   poiei/

kai. o` mh. gami,zwn                 krei/sson poih,seiÅ  (1 Cor 7:38)

23. Beware of superficial parallels.

kai. mh. kaqw.j blasfhmou,meqa

kai.    kaqw,j fasi,n tinej

. . .

kaqw.j ge,graptai  . . .  (Rom 3:8-10; the third kaqw.j is not parallel.)

page 151

Philippians 3:17-20 in Transcription:

17  Summimhtai, mou gi,nesqe(

avdelfoi,(

kai. skopei/te tou.j ou[tw peripatou/ntaj

kaqw.j e;cete tu,pon h`ma/jÅ

18  polloi. ga.r              peripatou/sin

ou]j

polla,kij e;legon u`mi/n(

nu/n de. kai. klai,wn

le,gw(

tou.j evcqrou.j tou/ staurou/ tou/ Cristou/(

19  w-n     to. te,loj avpw,leia(

w-n      o` qeo.j h` koili,a

kai. h` do,xa

evn th/| aivscu,nh| auvtw/n(

oi`    ta. evpi,geia fronou/ntejÅ

20  h`mw/n ga.r to. poli,teuma evn ouvranoi/j u`pa,rcei(

evx ou-              kai.           swth/ra avpekdeco,meqa

ku,rion VIhsou/n Cristo,n

page 152

Luke 6:27-31 in Transcription:

27  VAlla. u`mi/n       le,gw

toi/j avkou,ousin(

avgapa/te        tou.j evcqrou.j       u`mw/n(

kalw/j poiei/te          toi/j misou/sin      u`ma/j(

28  euvlogei/te         tou.j katarwme,nouj  u`ma/j(

proseu,cesqe peri. tw/n evphreazo,ntwn   u`ma/jÅ

29  tw/| tu,ptonti,           se   evpi. th.n siago,na

pa,rece kai.  -  -  -  -  -  -  - -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -     th.n a;llhn(

kai. avpo. tou/ ai;ronto,j       sou to. i`ma,tion

kai. to.n citw/na mh. kwlu,sh|jÅ

30  panti. aivtou/nti,        se                di,dou(

kai. avpo. tou/ ai;rontoj      ta. sa.            mh. avpai,teiÅ

31  kai. kaqw.j qe,lete

i[na poiw/sin u`mi/n oi` a;nqrwpoi

poiei/te         auvtoi/j  o`moi,wj.

page 153

6 A Verb Bank of Principal Parts

Present/Active

Future/Active

Aorist/Active

Perfect/Active

Perfect/M.P.

Aorist/Passive

(-mai = Mid.)

(-mai = Mid.)

(-mhn = Mid.)

avgallia,w

avgallia,somai

hvgalli,asa

hvgallia,qhn

exult, be overjoyed

avgapa,w

avgaph,sw

hvga,phsa

hvga,phka

hvga,phmai

love

avgge,llw

avggelw/

h;ggeila

h;ggelka

h;ggelmai

hvgge,lqhn

announce

a`gia,zw

h`gi,asa

h`gi,asmai

h`gia,sqhn

sanctify

a`gni,zw

a`gniw/

h[gnisa

h[gnika

h[gnismai

h`gni,sqhn

purify

avgnoe,w

avgnoh,sw

hvgno,hsa

hvgno,hka

hvgno,hmai

hvgoh,qhn

be ignorant

avgora,zw

avgora,sw

hvgo,rasa

hvgo,raka

hvgo,rasmai

hvgora,sqhn

buy

a;gw

a;xw

h;gagon

h-ca

h-gmai

h;cqhn

lead

h;xa

avgh,oca

avgwni,zomai

avgniou/mai

hvgwnisa,mhn

hvgw,nismai

hvgwni,sqhn

struggle

page 154

Present/Active

Future/Active

Aorist/Active

Perfect/Active

Perfect/M.P.

Aorist/Passive

avdike,w

avdikh,sw

hvdi,khsa

hvdi,khka

hvdikh,qhn

do wrong

avqete,w

avqeth,sw

hvqe,thsa

nullify, reject

ai`re,w

ai`rh,somai

ei`lo,mhn

h[|rhka

h[|rhmai

h[|re,qhn

choose

ei`la,mhn

ai;rw

avrw/

h-ra

h-ka

h-mai

h;rqhn

take away

aivsqa,nomai

aivsqh,somai

h|vsqo,mhn

h;|sqhmai

hvsqh,qhn

understand

aivte,w

aivth,sw

h;|thsa

h;|thka

h;|thmai

ask for

avkolouqe,w

avkolouqh,sw

hvkolou,qhka

hvkolou,qhka

follow

avkou,w

avkou,sw

h;kousa

avkh,koa

h;kousmai

hvkou,sqhn

hear, listen

avlei,fw|

avlei,yw

h;leiya

avlh,lifa

avlh,limmai

hvlei,fqhn

anoint (for grooming)

avlla,ssw

avlla,xw

h;llaxa

h;llaca

h;llagmai

hvlla,cqhn

change

hvlla,ghn

a`marta,nw

a`marth,sw

h[marton

h`ma,rthka

h`ma,rthmai

h`marth,qhn

sin

h`ma,rthsa

page 155

Present/Active

Future/Active

Aorist/Active

Perfect/Active

Perfect/M.P.

Aorist/Passive

avnabai,nw

avnabh,somai

avne,bhn

avnabe,bhka

go up

avnable,pw

avnable,yw

avne,bleya

look up, see again

avnagge,llw

avnaggelw/

avnh,ggeila

avnhgge,lhn

report, announce

avnaginw,skw

avnagnw,somai

avne,gnwn

avne,gnwka

anve,gnwsmai

a,negnw,sqhn

read

avnagka,zw

avagka,sw

hvna,gkasa

hvna,gkaka

hvnagka,sqhn

compel

avna,gw

avna,xw

avnh,gagon

avnh,cqhn

lead or bring up

avnaire,w

avnairh,sw

avnei/lon

avnh,|rhka

avnh,|rhmai

avnh|re,qhn

take away

avnelw/

avnei/la

avnakli,nw

avnaklinw/

avne,klina

recline

avnakri,nw

avnakrinw/

avne,krina

avnekri,qhn

examine

avnalamba,nw

avnalh,yomai

avne,lebon

avei,lhfa

avnelh,mfqhn

take up

avnali,skw

avnalw,sw

avnh,lwsa

avnh,lwka

avnh,lwmai

avnhlw,qhn

avnalo/w

avna,lwka

avna,lwmai

consume

page 156

Present/Active

Future/Active

Aorist/Active

Perfect/Active

Perfect/M.P.

Aorist/Passive

avnapau,w

avnapau,sw

avne,pausa

avnape,paumai

avnepau,qhn

rest

avnastre,fw

avnastre,yw

avne,streya

avne,strammai

avnestra,fhn

behave

avnate,llw

avnatelw/

avne,teila

avnate,talka

rise

avnatre,fw

avne,qreya

avnate,qrammai

avnetra,fhn

train

avnafe,rw

avnoi,sw

avnh,negka

bring up

avnh,negkon

avne,cw

avne,xomai

avnesco,mhn

avne,schka

endure

hvnesco,mhn

avnqi,sthmi

avnte,sthn

avnqe,sthka

avntesta,qhn

withstand

avni,hmi

avnh,sw

avnh/ka

avnei/ka

avnei/mai

avne,qhn

abandon

avni,sthmi

avnasth,sw

avne,sthsa

avne,staka

rise, raise

avne,sthn

avnoi,gw

avnoi,xw

avne,wxa

avne,w|ga

avne,w|gmai

avnew/|cqhn

open

hvne,w|xa

hvne,w|gmai

hvnoi,cqhn

h;noixa

hvnew,|cqhn

hvnoi,ghn

avntile,gw

avntile,xw

avntei/pon

avntei,rhka

contradict, oppose

page 157

Present/Active

Future/Active

Aorist/Active

Perfect/Active

Perfect/M.P.

Aorist/Passive

avxio,w

avxiw,sw

hvxi,wsa

hvxi,wmai

hvxiw,qhn

to be [or make] worthy

avpagge,llw

avpaggelw/

avph,ggeila

avphgge,lhn

proclaim, announce

avpalla,ssw

avpalla,xw

avph,llaxa

avph,laca

avph,llagmai

avphlla,ghn

release

avpanta,w

avpanth,sw

avphnth,sa

avph,nthka

avph,nthmai

meet

avparne,omai

avparnh,somai

avphrnhsa,mhn

avph,rnhmai

deny

avpe,cw

avfe,xomai

avpe,scon

receive, be distant, refrain

avpoba,llw

avpobalw/

avpe,balon

avpobe,blhka

aveblh,qhn

throw away

avpodi,dwmi

avpodw,sw

avpe,dwka

avpedo,qhn

give away

avpedo,mhn

avpoqnh|,skw

avpoqanou/mai

avpe,qanon

die

avpokaqi,sthmi

avpokatasth,sw

avpekate,sthn

avpekatesta,qhn

avpokaqista,nw

(note: double aug.)

restore

avpokalu,ptw

avpokalu,yw

avpeka,luya

avpekalu,fqhn

uncover, reveal

page 158

Present/Active

Future/Active

Aorist/Active

Perfect/Active

Perfect/M.P.

Aorist/Passive

a,pokri,nomai

avpokrinw/

avpekrina,mhn

avpekri,qhn

answer

avpoktei,nw

avpoktenw/

avpe,kteina

avpe,ktona

avpekta,nqhn

avpokte,nnw

avpe,ktanon

avpekto,nhka

kill

avpekta,mhn

avpe,ktaka

avpolamba,nw

avpolh,myomai

avpe,labon

receive

avpo,llumi

avpole,sw

avpw,lesa

avpolw,leka

avpo,llumai

avpolw/

avpwlo,mhn

avpo,lwla

destroy

avpolou/mai

avpologe,omai

avpeloghsa,mhn

avpolelo,ghmai

avpelogh,qhn

speak in defense

avpore,w

hvpo,rhsa

hvpo,rhka

hvpo,rhmai

hvporh,qhn

be in doubt, uncertain

avposte,llw

avpostelw/

avpe,steila

avpe,stalka

avpe,stalmai

avpesta,lhn

send out

avpostere,w

avpeste,rhsa

avpeste,rhmai

rob

avpostre,fw

avpostre,yw

avpe,streya

avpe,strammai

avpestra,fhn

turn away

avpoti,qhmi

avpeqe,mhn

avpete,qhn

put off

avpofe,rw

avph,negka

avphne,cqhn

carry away

page 159

Present/Active

Future/Active

Aorist/Active

Perfect/Active

Perfect/M.P.

Aorist/Passive

a[ptw

a[yw

h=ya

h=mmai

kindle, touch

avre,skw

avre,sw

h;resa

avrh,reka

hvre,sqhn

please

avrke,w

avrke,sw

h;rkesa

h;rkesmai

hvrke,sqhn

be sufficient, content

avrmo,zw

avrmo,sw

h`rmosa,mhn

h[rmoka

h[rmosmai

h`rmo,sqhn

join

a`rmo,cqhn

avrne,omai

avrnh,somai

hvrnhsa,mhn

h;rnhmai

deny

a`rpa,zw

a`rpa,sw

h[rpasa

h[rpaka

h[rpasmai

h`rpa,sqhn

snatch

h`rpa,ghn

a;rcw

a;rxomai

hvrxa,mhn

h-rca

h-rgmai

h;rcqhn

be first, rule

avsqene,w

[avsqenh,sw]

hvsqe,nhsa

be weak

avtima,zw

avtima,sw

hvti,masa

hvti,maka

hvti,masmai

hvtima,sqhn

dishonor, insult

auvli,zomai

huvlisa,mhn

hu;lismai

huvli,sqhn

lodge, stay

auvxa,nw

auvxh,sw

hu;xhsa

hu;xhka

hu;xhmai

huvxh,qhn

au;xw

auvxanw/

grow

page 160

Present/Active

Future/Active

Aorist/Active

Perfect/Active

Perfect/M.P.

Aorist/Passive

avfaipe,w

avfelw/

avfei/lon

avfh,|rhka

avfh,|rhmai

avfh|re,qhn

take away

avfi,hmi

avfh,sw

avfh/ka

avfei/ka

avfei/mai

avfe,qhn

let go, forgive

avfei,qhn

avfi,sthmi

avposth,sw

avpe,sthsa

mislead, fall away

avpe,sthn

avfori,zw

avfori,sw

avfw,risa

avfw,rismai

avfopi,sqhn

set apart

avfriw/

ba,llw

balw/

e;balon

be,blhka

be,blhmai

evblh,qhn

throw

bapti,zw

bapti,sw

evba,ptisa

beba,ptismai

evbapti,sqhn

immerse, baptize

ba,ptw

ba,yw

e;baya

be,bammai

evba,fqhn

dip

bare,w

barh,sw

evba,rhsa

beba,rhka

beba,rhmai

evbarh,qhn

weigh down

basani,zw

basaniw/

evbasa,nisa

bebasa,nismai

evbasani,sqhn

torture, examine

basileu,w

basileu,sw

evbasi,leusa

rule

basta,zw

basta,sw

evba,stasa

beba,stagmai

evbasta,cqhn

bear

basta,xw

evba,staxa

bdelu,ssomai

bdelu,xomai

evbdeluxa,mhn

evbde,lugmai

evbdelu,cqhn

abhor, detest

page 161

Present/Active

Future/Active

Aorist/Active

Perfect/Active

Perfect/M.P.

Aorist/Passive

bebaio,w

bebaiw,sw

evbebai,wsa

evbebaiw,qhn

make firm

bia,zw

evbiasa,mhn

bebi,asmai

evbia,sqhn

apply force

blasta,nw

blasth,sw

e;blason

bebla,sthka

blasta,w

evbla,sthsa

bud, sprout

blasfhme,w

evblasfh,mhsa

beblasfh,mhka

evblasfhmh,qhn

revile, insult

ble,pw

ble,yw

e;bleya

be,blefa

be,blemmai

evble,fqhn

see

be,blofa

boa,w

boh,sw

evbo,hsa

bebo,hka

bebo,hmai

evbw,sqhn

shout

bohqe,w

bohqh,somai

evboh,qhsa

evboh,qhn

help

bo,skw

boskh,sw

evbo,skhsa

bebo,skhka

evboskh,qhn

graze, feed, tend

bouleu,w

bouleu,somai

evbouleusa,mhn

bebou,leuka

bebou,leumai

resolve

bou,lomai

boulh,somai

bebou,lhmai

evboulh,qhn

want

bre,cw

bre,xw

e;brexa

be,bregmai

evbre,cqhn

send rain

evbra,chn

page 162

Present/Active

Future/Active

Aorist/Active

Perfect/Active

Perfect/M.P.

Aorist/Passive

game,w

gamw/

e;ghma

gega,mhka

gega,mhmai

evgamh,qhn

marry

gamh,sw

evga,masa

gemi,zw

evge,misa

evgemi,sqhn

fill

gevvnna,w

gennh,sw

evge,nnhsa

gege,nnhka

gege,nnhmai

evgennh,qhn

become father to, bear

geu,omai

geu,somai

evgeusa,mhn

ge,geumai

taste

gi,nomai

genh,somai

evgeno,mhn

ge,gona

gege,nhmai

evgenh,qhn

become

ginw,skw

gnw,somai

e;gnwn

e;gnwka

e'gnwsmai

evgnw,sqhn

experience

gnwri,zw

gnwri,sw

evgnw,risa

evgnw,rika

evgnwri,sqhn

make known

goggu,zw

goggu,sw

evgo,ggusa

murmur, whisper in secret

gra,fw

gra,yw

e;graya

ge,grafa

ge,grammai

evgra,fhn

write

gegra,fhka

evgra,fqhn

grhgore,w

evgrhgo,rhsa

evgrh,gora

evgrhgorh,qhn

keep awake, alert

dapana,w

dapanh,sw

evdapa,nhsa

dedapa,nhmai

spend, use up

page 163

Present/Active

Future/Active

Aorist/Active

Perfect/Active

Perfect/M.P.

Aorist/Passive

dei,knumi

dei,xw

e;deixa

de,deica

de,deigmai

evdeicqhn

deiknu,w

show

deipne,w

deipnh,sw

evdei,pnhsa

dedei,pnhka

eat a dinner

de,omai

deh,somai

evdeh,qhn

ask, beg

de,rw

derw/

e;deira

de,darmai

evda,rhn

beat, skin

de,comai

de,xomai

evdexa,mhn

de,degmai

e,de,cqhn

welcome

de,w

dh,sw

e;dhsa

de,deka

de,demai

evde,qhn

bind

dhlo,w

dhlw,sw

evdh,lwsa

dedh,lwmai

evdhlw,qhn

make clear

diakone,w

diakonh,sw

dihko,nhsa

dihkonh,qhn

serve

diakri,nw

diakrinw/

diekri,qhn

distinguish, dispute

diale,gomai

diale,xomai

dielexa,mhn

diei,legmai

diele,cqhn

discuss

diele,ghn

diamartu,romai

diemartura,mhn

diamemartu,rhmai

warn, witness

diameri,zw

dieme,risa

diemeri,sqhn

divide, distribute

page 164

Present/Active

Future/Active

Aorist/Active

Perfect/Active

Perfect/M.P.

Aorist/Passive

dianoi,gw

dih,noixa

dihnoi,cqhn

open, explain

diata,ssw

diata,xomai

die,taxa

diate,taca

dieta,cqhn

command

diafe,rw

dioi,sw

dih,negka

carry through, differ

dih,negkon

dida,skw

dida,xw

evdi,daxa

dedi,daca

dedi,dagmai

edida,cqhn

teach

di,dwmi

dw,sw

e;dwka

de,dwka

de,domai

evdo,qhn

give

die,rcomai

dieleu,somai

dih/lqon

dielh,luqa

go through

dikaio,w

dikaiw,sw

evdikai,wsa

dedikai,wmai

evdikaiw,qhn

justify

diya,w

diyh,sw

evdi,yhsa

dedi,yhka

thirst

diw,kw

diw,xw

evdi,wxa

dedi,wca

dedi,wgmai

evdiw,cqhn

pursue

doke,w

do,xw

e;doxa

de,doca

de,dogmai

evdo,cqhn

seem

dokima,zw

dokima,sw

evdoki,masa

dedoki,masmai

test, approve

doxa,zw

doxa,sw

evdo,xasa

dedo,xasmai

evdoxa,sqhn

glorify

page 165

Present/Active

Future/Active

Aorist/Active

Perfect/Active

Perfect/M.P.

Aorist/Passive

douleu,w

douleu,sw

evdou,leusa

dedou,leuka

be a slave

doulo,w

doulw,sw

evdou,lwsa

dedou,lwmai

evdoulw,qhn

enslave

du,namai

dunh,somai

evdunhsa,mhn

dedu,nhmai

evdunh,qhn

be able, can

hvduna,sqhn

eva,w (evw/)

eva,sw

ei/asa

ei;aka

ei;amai

eia,qhn

let, allow

evggi,zw

evggiw/

h;ggisa

h;ggika

approach

evgei,rw

evgerw/

h;geira

evgh,gerka

evgh,germai

hvge,rqhn

rouse, raise up

evgkatalei,pw

evgkatalei,yw

evkate,lipon

evgkatelei,fqhn

abandon

ei-don: used only as 2 aor. of o`ra,w: >  ei;damen;  i;dw subjn.;  i;de.  imv.

i;don

ei-dan;       ivdei/n   inf.;    ivdw,n  ptc.

see

Present 1-6

Future 1-6

Imperfect 1-6

Present Infinitive

Imperatives

Subjunctive 1-6

eivmi,—I am

e;somai —I shall be

h;mhn —I was

ei-nai—to be

i;sqi—be (2s)

w-—I might be

ei-

e;sh|

h-j, h-sqa

Future Infinitive

e;ste (2pl)

h-|j

evsti,(n)

e;stai

h-n

e;sesqai—going to be

e;stw, h;tw (3s)

h-|

evsme,n

e;so,meqa

h-men, h;meqa

e;stwsan (3pl)

w-men           Opt.

evste,

e;sesqe

h-te

Ptc. Bases:

Future Participle

h-|te              (3s)

eivsi,(n)

e;sontai

h-san

w;n, ou-sa, o;n (m)     (f)     (n)

evso,menoj, -h, -on

w-si             ei;h

page 166

Present/Active

Future/Active

Aorist/Active

Perfect/Active

Perfect/M.P.

Aorist/Passive

[ei-pon] (le,gw, fhmi,)

evrw/

ei-pon

ei;rhka

ei;rhmai

evrre,qhn

say

ei-pa (takes first or second aorist endings)

evkba,llw

evkbalw/

evxe,balon

evkbe,blhka

evxeblh,qhn

expel

evkdike,w

evkdikh,sw

evxedi,khsa

avenge

evkko,ptw

evkko,yw

evxe,koya

evxeko,phn

cut off

evkle,gomai

evxelexa,mhn

evkle,legmai

choose

evkpi,ptw

evpesou/mai

evxe,pesa

evkpe,ptwka

fall from

evxe,peson

evkplh,ssw

evxe,plhxa

evxepla,ghn

astound

evktei,nw

evktenw/

evxe,teina

stretch out

evkce,w

evkcew/

evxe,cea

evkke,cuka

evkke,cumai

evxecu,qhn

evkcu,n(n)w

evkceua,mhn

pour out

evle,gcw

evle,gxw

h;legxa

evlh,legmai

hvle,gcqhn

convince

evlee,w

evleh,sw

hvle,hsa

hvle,hmai

hvleh,qhn

have mercy

page 167

Present/Active

Future/Active

Aorist/Active

Perfect/Active

Perfect/M.P.

Aorist/Passive

evleuqero,w

evleuqerw,sw

hvleuqe,rwsa

hvleuqerw,qhn

set free

e[lkw

e`lku,sw

ei[kusa

ei[lkuka

ei[lkusmai

ei`lku,sqhn

e`lku,w

e[lxw

ei=lxa

ei[lcqhn

draw, drag

evlpi,zw

evlpiw/

h;lpisa

h;lpika

h;lpismai

hvlpi,sqhn

hope

evlpi,sw

evmbrima,omai

evnebrimhsa,mhn

evnebrimh,qhn

evmbrimo,omai

snort, censure, be filled with emotion

evmpai,zw

evmpai,xw

evne,paixa

emvpe,paica

evnepai,cqhn

make fun of

evmpi,(m)plhmi

evne,plhsa

evmpe,plhsmai

evneplh,sqhn

evmpi(m)pla,w

fill

evmfani,zw

evmfani,sw

evnefa,nisa

evmpefa,nika

evnefani,sqhn

make visible

evndu,w

evndu,somai

evne,dusa

evnde,duka

evnde,dumai

clothe

evnerge,w

evnh,rghsa

evnh,rghka

work

evte,llomai

evntelou/mai

evneteila,mhn

evnte,talmai

command

page 168

Present/Active

Future/Active

Aorist/Active

Perfect/Active

Perfect/M.P.

Aorist/Passive

evxi,sthmi

evxe,sthsa

evxe,staka

evxi,stamai

evxista,nw

evxe,sthn

confuse, amaze

evxouqene,w - o,w

evxouqe,nhsa

evxouqe,nhmai

evxoudene,w -o,w

evxoudenh,qhn

dispise, disdain

evpagge,llomai

evphggeila,mhn

evph,ggelmai

evphgge,lqhn

promise, profess

evpai,rw

evparw/

evph/ra

evph/rka

evph,rqhn

lift up

evperwta,w

evperwth,sw

evphrw,thsa

evperwth,qhn

ask

evpiginw,skw

evpignw,somai

evpe,gnwn

evpe,gnwka

evpegnw,sqhn

know exactly

evpiqume,w

evpiqumh,sw

evpequ,mhsa

desire

evpikale,w

evpikale,somai

evpeka,lesa

evpike,klhmai

evpeklh,qhn

name, call upon

evpiske,ptomai

evpiske,yomai

evpeskeya,mhn

evpe,skemmai

visit, examine

evpesko,pasa

evpi,stamai

evpisth,somai

hvpisth,qhn

be acquainted with

evpistre,fw

evpistre,yw

evpe,streya

evpe,strofa

evpestra,fhn

turn around, return

page 169

Present/Active

Future/Active

Aorist/Active

Perfect/Active

Perfect/M.P.

Aorist/Passive

evpitele,w

evpitele,sw

evpete,lesa

accomplish

evpiti,qhmi

evpiqh,sw

evpe,qhka  k aor.

evpite,qeimai

evpete,qhn

put upon

evpe,qhn      2  aor.

evpeqe,mhn   mid.

evrga,zomai

erga,somai

hvrgasa,mhn

ei;rgasmai

eivrga,sqhn

work, do

e;rcomai

evleu,somai

h-lqon

evlh,luqa

come, go

h-lqa

evrwta,w

evrwth,sw

hvrw,thsa

hvrw,thka

question, ask

evsqi,w

fa,gomai

e;fagon

e;sqw

e;domai

eat

e`toima,zw

e`toima,sw

h`toi,masa

h`toi,maka      h`toi,masmai

h`toima,sqhn

prepare

euvaggeli,zw

euvhgge,lisa

euvhgge,lismai

euvhggeli,sqhn

bring good news

euvloge,w

euvlogh,sw

euvlo,ghsa

euvlo,ghka

euvlo,gmai

euvlogh,qhn

praise, bless

eu`ri,skw

eu`rh,sw

eu=ron

eu[rhka

hu[rhmai

eu`re,qhn

find

eu`ra,mhn

eu[rhmai

hu`re,qhn

eu[rhsa

page 170

Present/Active

Future/Active

Aorist/Active

Perfect/Active

Perfect/M.P.

Aorist/Passive

euvfrai,nw

euvfranw/

eu;frana

euvfra,nqhn

cheer, enjoy oneself

hu;frana

huvfra,nqhn

euvcariste,w

euvcari,sthsa

euvcaristh,qhn

give thanks

evfisthmi

evpe,sthn

evfe,staka

evpi,stamai

evpesta,qhn

stand near

e;cw

e;xw

e;scon

e;schka

e;schmai

evsce,qhn

have, hold

e;schsa

za,w (zw/)

zh,sw

e;zhsa

live

zhmio,w

zhmiw,sw

evzhmi,wsa

evzhmi,wka

evzhmi,wmai

evzhmiw,qhn

inflict punishment, injury

zhte,w

zhth,sw

evzh,thsa

evzh,thka

seek

zw|opoie,w

zw|opoih,sw

evzw|opoih,qhn

make alive

h`ge,omai

h`gh,somai

h`ghsa,mhn

h[ghmai

h`gh,qhn

guide

h[kw

h[xw

h=xa

h=ka

be present

h`suca,zw

h`suca,sw

h`su,casa

keep quiet, be at rest

qanato,w

qanatw,sw

evqana,twsa

teqana,twka

teqana,twmai

evqanatw,qhn

put to death

page 171

Present/Active

Future/Active

Aorist/Active

Perfect/Active

Perfect/M.P.

Aorist/Passive

qa,ptw

qa,yw

e;qaya

te,qammai

evqa,fqhn

bury

e,ta,fhn

qauma,zw

qauma,somai

evqau,masa

teqau,maka

teqau,masmai

evqauma,sqhn

wonder

qea,omai

qea,somai

evqeasa,mhn

teqe,amai

evqea,qhn

look at

qe,lw = evqe,lw

qelh,sw

hvqe,lhsa

hvqe,lhka

evqelh,qhn

wish, will

evqelh,sw

evqe,lhsa

teqe,lhka

qemelio,w

qemeliw,sw

qemeli,wsa

teqemeli,wmai

lay a foundation

qerapeu,w

qerapeu,sw

evqera,peusa

teqera,peumai

evqerapeu,qhn

serve, treat, heal

qeri,zw

qeri,sw

evqe,risa

teqe,rismai

evqeri,sqhn

harvest

qhsauri,zw

evqhsau,risa

teqhsau,rismai

store up

qli,bw

qli,yw

e;qliya

te,qlifa

teqe,limmai

evqli,bhn

press upon, oppress

evqli,fqhn

qnh|,skw

qanou/mai

e;qanon

te,qnhka

die, be dead

qnh,xomai

qriambeu,w

evqria,mbeusa

teqria,mbeuka

triumph

qu,w

qu,sw

e;qusa

te,quka

te,qumai

evtu,qhn

sacrifice

page 172

Present/Active

Future/Active

Aorist/Active

Perfect/Active

Perfect/M.P.

Aorist/Passive

iva,omai

iva,somai

ivasa,mhn

i;amai

iva,qhn

heal, cure

i[sthmi

sth,sw

e;sthsa

e[sthka

e[stamai

evsta,qhn

i`sta,nw

e;sthn

stand

ivscu,w

ivscu,sw

i;scusa

i;scuka

ivscu,qhn

be strong

kaqaire,w

kaqelw/

kaqei/lon

take down

kaqei/la

kaqari,zw

kaqariw/

evkaqa,risa

kekaqa,rismai

evkaqari,sqhn

clean

evkaqeri,sqhn

kaqeu,dw

kaqeudh,sw

evkaqeu,dhsa

sleep

kaqi,zw

kaqi,sw

evka,qisa

kaka,qika

sit, seat

kaqe,sw

kaqiw/

kaqi,sthmi

katasth,sw

kate,sthsa

kaqe,staka

kaqe,stamai

katesta,qhn

kaqista,nw

kaqe,sthka

appoint

kai,w

kau,sw

e;kausa

ke,kauka

ke,kaumai

evkau,qhn

burn

ke,kausmai

evka,hn

kale,w

kale,sw

evka,lesa

ke,klhka

ke,klhmai

evklh,qhn

call

page 173

Present/Active

Future/Active

Aorist/Active

Perfect/Active

Perfect/M.P.

Aorist/Passive

kalu,ptw

kalu,yw

evka,luya

keka,lummai

evkalu,fqhn

conceal

ka,mptw

ka,myw

e;kamya

evka,mfqhn

bend, bow

katabai,nw

katabh,somai

kate,bhn

katabe,bhka

go down

katagge,llw

kath,ggeila

kath,ggelka

kathgge,lhn

proclaim

kataiscu,nw

kataiscunw/

kath|,scummai

kath|scu,nqhn

disgrace

katakai,w

katakau,sw

kate,kausa

katake,kauka

kateka,hn

burn down

katekau,qhn

katakri,nw

katakrinw/

kate,krina

katekri,qhn

condemn

katalamba,nw

katalh,yomai

kate,labon

katei,lhfa

katei,lhmmai

katelh,mfqhn

attain

katei,lhpmai

katalei,pw

katalei,yw

katelei,ya

katale,loipa

katale,leimmai

katelei,fqhn

leave behind

kate,lipon

katalla,ssw

kath,llaxa

kathlla,ghn

reconcile

katanta,w

kath,nthsa

kath,nthka

arrive

katapate,w

katapath,sw

katepa,thsa

katepath,qhn

trample

page 174

Present/Active

Future/Active

Aorist/Active

Perfect/Active

Perfect/M.P.

Aorist/Passive

katapi,nw

katapioi/mai

kate,pion

katape,pwka

katepo,qhn

swallow

katarge,w

katargh,sw

kath,rghsa

kath,rghka

kath,rghmai

kathrgh,qhn

abolish

katarti,zw

katarti,sw

kath,rtisa

kath,rtismai

make complete, create

kataskeua,zw

kataskeua,sw

kateskeu,asa

kateskeu,asmai

kateskeua,sqhn

prepare, construct

katafrone,w

katafronh,sw

katefro,nhsa

katefronh,qhn

treat with contempt

katerga,zomai

kateirgasa,mhn

kateirga,sqhn

achieve

katesqi,w

katafa,gomai

kate,fagon

katedh,doka

katedh,desmai

kathde,sqhn

kate,sqw

kate,domai

consume

kate,cw

kaqe,xw

kate,scon

hold down

katasch,sw

kate,sca

kathgore,w

kathgorh,sw

kathgo,rhsa

accuse

kathce,w

kath,chsa

kath,chmai

kathch,qhn

make oneself understood, inform

katoike,w

katoikh,sw

katw,|khsa

inhabit, dwell

page 175

Present/Active

Future/Active

Aorist/Active

Perfect/Active

Perfect/M.P.

Aorist/Passive

kaumati,zw

evkauma,tisa

evkaumati,sqhn

burn

kauca,omai

kauch,somai

evkauchsa,mhn

kekau,chmai

boast

keleu,w

keleu,sw

evke,leusa

keke,leuka

keke,leusmai

evkeleu,sqhn

command, urge

keno,w

kenw,sw

evke,nwsa

keke,nwka

keke,nwmai

evkenw,qhn

make empty

kerdai,nw

kerdh,sw

evke,rdhsa

keke,rdagka

keke,rdhmai

gain

kerdanw/

evke,rdana

keke,rdaka

khru,ssw

khru,xw

evkh,ruxa

kekh,ruca

kekh,rugmai

evkhru,cqhn

proclaim

kine,w

kinh,sw

evki,nhsa

evkinh,qhn

move

kai,w

klau,sw

e;klausa

ke,klaumai

evklau,sqhn

weep

ke,klausmai

kla,w

kla,sw

e;klausa

ke,klasmai

evkla,sqhn

break

klei,w

klei,sw

evkleisw

ke,kleika

ke,kleismai

evklei,sqhn

shut, lock

kle,pw

kle,yw

e;kleya

ke,klofa

ke,klemmai

evkla,phn

steal

evkle,fqhn

klhronome,w

klhronomh,sw

evklhrono,mhsa

keklhrono,mhka

inherit obtain

page 176

Present/Active

Future/Active

Aorist/Active

Perfect/Active

Perfect/M.P.

Aorist/Passive

kli,nw

klinw/

e;klina

ke,klika

ke,klimai

evkli,qhn

incline [trans.], decline [intrans.]

koima,w

koimh,sw

evkoi,mhsa

kekoi,mhmai

evkoimh,qhn

sleep

koino,w

koinw,sw

evkoi,nwsa

kekoi,nwka

kekoi,nwmai

evkoinw,qhn

make common

koinwne,w

koinwnh,sw

evkoinw,nhsa

kekoinw,nhka

kekoinw,nhmai

share

kola,zw

kola,sw

evkolasa,mhn

keko,lasmai

evkola,sqhn

punish

komi,zw

komiw/

evko,misa

keko,mika

keko,mismai

evkomi,sqhn

get

komi,sw

komiou/mai

kopia,w

kopia,sw

evkopi,asa

kekopi,aka

become tired from struggle

ko,ptw

ko,yw

e;koya

ke,kofa

ke,kommai

evko,phn

cut off, beat the breast in mourning

kosme,w

evko,smhsa

keko,smhmai

put in order, adorn

kra,zw

kra,xw

e;kraxa

ke,kraga

call out, scream

evke,kraxa

e;kragon

evke,kragon

page 177

Present/Active

Future/Active

Aorist/Active

Perfect/Active

Perfect/M.P.

Aorist/Passive

krate,w

krath,sw

evkra,thsa

kekra,thka

kekra,thmai

take hold of

krauga,zw

krauga,sw

evkrau,gasa

utter a loud sound

krema,nnumi

krema,sw

evkre,masa

kekre,maka

evkrema,sqhn

krema,w

kremw/

kremna,w

krema,zw

hang

kri,nw

krinw/

e;krina

ke,krika

ke,krimai

evkri,qhn

judge

kru,ptw

kru,yw

e;kruya

ke,krufa

ke,krummai

evkru,fqhn

-kru,bw

evku,bhn

conceal

kta,omai

kth,somai

evkthsa,mhn

ke,kthmai

procure, acquire

kti,zw

kti,sw

e;ktisa

e;ktika

e;ktismai

e,kti,sqhn

create

kurieu,w

kurieu,sw

evkuri,eusa

control

kwlu,w

kwlu,sw

evkw,lusa

kekw,luka

kekw,lumai

evkwlu,qhn

hinder, prevent, forbid

lagca,nw

lh,xomai

e;lacon

ei;lhca

ei;lhgmai

e,lh,cqhn

be chosen by lot

la,xomai

page 178

Present/Active

Future/Active

Aorist/Active

Perfect/Active

Perfect/M.P.

Aorist/Passive

lale,w

lalh,sw

evla,lhsa

lela,lhka

lela,lhmai

evlalh,qhn

speak

lamba,nw

lh,myomai

e;labon

ei;lhfa

ei;lhmmai

evlh,fqhn

take, receive

lela,bhka

evlh,mfqhn

la,mpw

la,myw

e;lamya

le,lampa

evla,mfqhn

shine

lanqa,nw

lh,sw

e;laqon

le,lhqa

le,lhsmai

evlh,sqhn

lh,qw

e;lhsa

le,lasmai

be hidden, escape notice

latreu,w

latreu,sw

evla,treusa

serve = worship

le,gw

evrw/

ei-pon

ei;rhka

ei;rhmai

evrre,qhn

say

ei-pa

lei,pw

lei,yw

e;lipon

leloipa

le,leimmai

e,lei,fqhn

lack, leave

e;leiya

leitourge,w

evleitou,rghsa

leleitou,rghka

lh|tourge,w

serve publicly

liqa,zw

evli,qasa

evliqa,sqhn

stone

logi,zomai

logiou/mai

evlogisa,mhn

lelo,gismai

evlogi,sqhn

consider

loidore,w

loidorh,sw

evloido,rhsa

leloido,rhka

revile, reproach

page 179

Present/Active

Future/Active

Aorist/Active

Perfect/Active

Perfect/M.P.

Aorist/Passive

lou,w

lou,sw

e;lousa

le,loumai

evlou,qhn

wash, bathe

lousw/

lupe,w

evlu,phsa

lelu,phka

evluph,qhn

grieve, be in pain

lutro,omai

evlutrwsa,mhn

evlutrw,qhn

redeem

maqhteu,w

evmaqh,teusa

e,maqhteu,qhn

be or make a disciple

mai,nomai

manou/mai

me,mhna

mema,nhmai

e,ma,nhn

act crazy

manqa,nw

manqh,somai

e;maqon

mema,qhka

learn

maqh,sw

marture,w

marturh,sw

evmartu,rhsa

memartu,rhka

memartu,rhmai

evmarturh,qhn

testify as a witness

mastigo,w

mastigw,sw

evmasti,gwsa

evmastigw,qhn

whip

ma,comai

mach,somai

evmacesa,mhn

mema,chmai

evmace,sqhn

fight

macou/mai

megalu,nw

megalunw/

evmega,luna

evmegalu,nqhn

magnify

mequ,skw

mequ,sw

evme,qusa

meme,qusmai

evmequ,sqhn

become intoxicated

me,llw

mellh,sw

evme,llhsa

to be destined orabout to be

hvme,llhsa

page 180

Present/Active

Future/Active

Aorist/Active

Perfect/Active

Perfect/M.P.

Aorist/Passive

me,nw

menw/

e;meina

meme,nhka

remain

meri,zw

meriw/

evme,risa

meme,rika

meme,rismai

evmeri,sqhn

divide, distribute

merimna,w

merimnh,sw

evmeri,mnhsa

be concerned about

metabai,nw

metabh,somai

mete,bhn

metabe,bhka

move

metalamba,nw

metalh,yomai

mete,labon

metei,lhfa

receive one's share

metanoe,w

metanoh,sw

meteno,hsa

repent

metati,qhmi

metaqh,sw

mete,qhka

metete,qhn

change

mete,cw

mete,scon

mete,schka

participate, share

mhnu,w

mhnu,sw

evmh,nusa

memh,nuka

memh,numai

evmhnu,qhn

inform

miai,nw

mianw/

evmi,ana

memi,agka

memi,asmai

evma,nqhn

stain

evmi,hna

memi,ammai

mimnh|,skomai

mnh,somai

evmnhsa,mhn

me,mnhmai

evmnh,sqhn

remember

memnh,somai

mise,w

mish,sw

evmi,shsa

memi,shka

memi,shmai

evmish,qhn

hate

page 181

Present/Active

Future/Active

Aorist/Active

Perfect/Active

Perfect/M.P.

Aorist/Passive

mnhmoneu,w

mnhmoneu,somai

evmnhmo,neusa

evmnhmo,neuka

evmnhmo,neumai

evmnhmoneu,qhn

remember, mention

moiceu,w

moiceu,sw

evmoi,ceusa

commit adultery

molu,nw

molunw/

evmo,luna

memo,lugka

memo,lusmai

evmolu,nqhn

make impure, stain

mwrai,nw

mwranw/

evmw,rana

evmwra,nqhn

become foolish, tasteless

nhsteu,w

nhsteu,sw

evnh,steusa

fast

nika,w

nikh,sw

evni,khsa

neni,khka

overcome

ni,ptw = ni,zw

ni,yw

e;niya

ne,nimmai

e,ni,fqhn

wash

noe,w

evno,hsa

neno,hka

neno,hmai

evnoh,qhn

understand

nomi,zw

nomiw/

evno,misa

neno,mika

neno,mismai

evnomi,sqhn

to be the custom,

nomi,sw

consider

nomoqete,w

evnomoqe,thsa

nenomoqe,thka

nevnomoqe,thmai

legislate, ordain

nouqete,w

nouqeth,sw

evnouqe,thsa

warn

page 182

Present/Active

Future/Active

Aorist/Active

Perfect/Active

Perfect/M.P.

Aorist/Passive

xeni,zw

xeni,sw

evxe,nisa

evxeni,sqhn

entertain, surprise

xhrai,nw

xhranw/

evxh,rana

evxh,rammai

evxh,ranqhn

dry up

evxh,rasmai

oi-da = 2 pf. of ei;dw

eivdh,sw

oi-da

ei;somai

h|;dein 2 plupf.

ei;dw (see); used only in 2 aor. ei;don; o`ra,w replaces ei;dw in present tense.

oi-da (know)

oivke,w

oivkh,sw

w;|khsa

w;|khka

w;|khmai

wv|kh,qhn

dwell

oivkodome,w

oivkodomh,sw

wv|kodo,mhsa

wv|kodo,mhka

wv|kodomh,qhn

build

oivkodomh,qhn

ovmnu,w

ovmou/mai

w;mosa

ovmw,moka

ovmw,motai (3s)

wvmo,sqhn

o;mnumi

ovmo,sw

wvmo,qhn

take an oath, swear

o`moio,w

o`moiw,sw

w`moi,wsa

w`moi,wmai

w`moiw,qhn

resemble, compare

o`mologe,w

o`mologh,sw

w`molo,ghsa

w`molo,ghka

w`molo,ghmai

w`mologh,qhn

confess

ovneidi,zw

ovneidiw/

wvnei,disa

wvnei,dika

wvneidi,sqhn

reproach

ovnoma,zw

ovnoma,sw

wvno,masa

wvno,maka

wvno,masmai

wvnoma,sqhn

name

o`ra,w

o;yomai

[ei-don]

e`w,raka

e`w,ramai

w;fqhn

see

e`wra,qhn

page 183

Present/Active

Future/Active

Aorist/Active

Perfect/Active

Perfect/M.P.

Aorist/Passive

ovrgi,zomai

ovrgiou/mai

w;rgisa

w;rgismai

wvrgi,sqhn

be angry

o`ri,zw

o`riw/

w[risa

w[rika

w[rismai

w`ri,sqhn

determine, set

o`rma,w

o`rmh,sw

w[rmhsa

w[rmhka

w[rmhmai

w`rmh,qhn

rush

ovru,ssw

ovru,xw

w;ruxa

ovrw,ruca

ovrwru,gmai

wvru,cqhn

dig

w;rugmai

wvru,ghn

ovfei,lw

ovfeilh,sw

wvfei,lhsa

wvfei,lhka

owe

w;felon

paideu,w

paideu,sw

evpai,deusa

pepai,deuka

pepai,deumai

evpaideu,qhn

educate

pai,w

pai,sw

e;paisa

pe,paika

pe,paismai

evpai,sqhn

hit

paih,sw

palaio,w

evpalai,wsa

pepalai,wka

evpalaiw,qhn

become old

paragge,llw

paraggelw/

parh,ggeila

parh,ggelmai

give orders, direct

paragi,nomai

paregeno,mhn

paregenh,qhn

be present

paradi.dwmi

paradw,sw

pare,dwka

parade,dwka

paredo,qhn

hand over

page 184

Present/Active

Future/Active

Aorist/Active

Perfect/Active

Perfect/M.P.

Aorist/Passive

parakale,w

parakalw/

pareka,lesa

pareke,klhmai

pareklh,qhn

invite, encourage

parakale,sw

parakolouqe,w

parakolouqh,sw

parhkolou,qhsa parhkolou,qhka

follow

parati,qhmi

paraqh,sw

pare,qhka

parate,qeika

parete,qhn

place beside

pareqe,mhn

pare,rcomai

pareleu,somai

parh/lqon

parelh,luqa

pass

pare,cw

pare,xw

pare,scon

pare,schka

grant, show

pari,sthmi

parasth,sw

pare,sthsa

pare,sthka

paresta,qhn

parista,nw

pare,sthn

present

parrhsia,zomai

parrhsia,somai

evparrhsiasa,mhn

speak freely

pa,scw

pei,somai

e;paqon

pe,ponqa

suffer

pe,posca

pata,ssw

pata,xw

evpa,taxa

pepa,tagmai

evpata,cqhn

hit, strike

pate,w

path,sw

e,path,qhn

tread on trample

pau,w

pau,sw

e;pausa

pe,pauka

pe,paumai

evpau,qhn

cease, stop

evpau,sqhn

evpa,hn

page 185

Present/Active

Future/Active

Aorist/Active

Perfect/Active

Perfect/M.P.

Aorist/Passive

pei,qw

pei,sw

e;peisa

pe,poiqa

pe,peismai

evpei,sqhn

persuade

peina,w

peina,sw

evpei,nasa

pepei,nhka

hunger

peira,zw

peira,sw

evpei,rasa

pepei,rasmai

evpeira,sqhn

try,  put to the test

peira,xw

pe,mpw

pe,myw

e;pemya

pe,pomfa

evpe,mfqhn

send

penqe,w

penqh,sw

e,pe,nqhsa

pepe,nqhka

grieve

periba,llw

peribalw/

perie,balon

put around

perizw,nnumi

perizw,somai

periezwsa,mhn

perizwnnu,w

bind something around oneself

peripate,w

peripath,sw

periepa,thsa

walk around

perisseu,w

perisseu,sw

evperi,sseusa

abound

perite,mnw

perie,temon

pepietmh,qhn

circumcise

ph,gnumi

ph,xw

e;phxa

pe,phca

pe,phgmai

evph,cqhn

put together firmly

evpa,ghn

page 186

Present/Active

Future/Active

Aorist/Active

Perfect/Active

Perfect/M.P.

Aorist/Passive

pia,zw

evpi,asa

evpia,sqhn

grasp, arrest

pi,mplhmi

plh,sw

e;plhsa

pe,plhka

pe,plhsmai

evplh,sqhn

fill, fulfill

pi,nw

pi,omai

e;pion

pe,pwka

evpo,qhn

drink

piou/mai

pipra,skw

pe,praka

evpra,qhn

sell

pi,ptw

pesou/mai

e;peson

pe,ptwka

fall

e;pesa

pisteu,w

pisteu,sw

evpi,steusa

pepi,steuka

pepi,steumai

evpisteu,qhn

believe

plana,w

planh,sw

evpla,nhsa

pepla,nhmai

e,planh,qhn

wander away

pla,ssw

pla,sw

e;plasa

pe,plaka

pe,plasmai

evpla,sqhn

form, mold

pleona,zw

pleona,sw

evpleo,nasa

pepleo,naka

pepleo,nasmai

e,pleona,sqhn

increase

pleonekte,w

pleonekth,sw

evpleone,kthsa

evpleonekth,qhn

outwit, cheat

ple,w

pleu,somai

e;pleusa

pe,pleuka

pe,pleusmai

evpleu,sqhn

sail

pleusou/mai

page 187

Present/Active

Future/Active

Aorist/Active

Perfect/Active

Perfect/M.P.

Aorist/Passive

plhqu,nw

plhqunw/

evplh,quna

evplhqu,nqhn

increase

plhrofore,w

evplhrofo,rhsa

peplhrofo,rhmai

fill completely, increase

plhro,w

plhrw,sw

evplh,rwsa

peplh,rwka

peplh,rwmai

evplhrw,qhn

fill, fulfill, finish

plh,ssw

plh,xw

e;plhxa

pe,plhga

evplh,cqhn

strike

pe,plhca

evplh,ghn

ploute,w

e,plou,thsa

peplou,thka

be rich

plouti,zw

ploutiw/

evplou,tisa

evplouti,sqhn

make rich

pne,w

pneu,sw

e;pneusa

pe,pneuka

e,pneu,sqhn

blow

pneusou/mai

poie,w

poih,sw

evpoi,hsa

pepoi,hka

pepoi,hmai

evpoih,qhn

make, do

poimai,nw

poimanw/

evpoi,mana

herd, tend

poleme,w

polemh,sw

evpole,mhsa

pepole,mhka

pepole,mhmai

evpolemh,qhn

fight

politeu,omai

evpoliteusa,mhn

pepoli,teumai

live one's life

page 188

Present/Active

Future/Active

Aorist/Active

Perfect/Active

Perfect/M.P.

Aorist/Passive

poreu,omai

poreu,somai

evpo,reusa

pepo,reumai

evporeu,qhn

proceed, travel

poti,zw

potiw/

evpo,tisa

pepo,tika

evpoti,sqhn

give a drink, water

pra,ssw

pra,xw

e;praxa

pe,praca

pe,pragmai

evpra,cqhn

accomplish, do

pre,pw

pre,yw

e;preya

be proper, suitable

pro,a,gw

proa,xw

proh,gagon

proh/ca

lead the way

proaire,w

proairh,sw

proei/lon

proh,|rhmai

choose, prefer

progra,fw

proe,graya

proegra,fhn

write beforehand, portray publicly

[proei/pon]

proerw/

proei/pon

proei,rhka

mention before, foretell

proe,rcomai

proeleu,somai

proh/lqon

proelh,luqa

go (forward, before, out)

proi<sthmi

proi<sth,sw

prou;sthsa

manage, care for

prosde,comai

prosedexa,mhn

prosede,cqhn

welcome, wait for

page 189

Present/Active

Future/Active

Aorist/Active

Perfect/Active

Perfect/M.P.

Aorist/Passive

prose,rcomai

proselu,somai

prosh/lqon

proselh,luqa

go to, approach

proseu,comai

proseu,xomai

proshuxa,mhn

pray

prose,cw

prose,scon

prose,schka

pay attention to

proskale,w

proskalesa,mhn

proske,klhmai

summon

proskune,w

proskunh,sw

proseku,nhsa

proskeku,nhka

prosekunh,qhn

do obeisance to

proslamba,nw

prose,labon

prosei,lhfa

take (aside, along), accept

prospi,ptw

prospesou/mai

prose,peson

fall down, strike against

prose,pesa

prosti,qhmi

prosqh,sw

prose,qhka

proste,qeimai

prosete,qhn

add

proseqe,mhn

prosfe,rw

prosoi,sw

prosh,negkon

prosenh,noca

proshne,cqhn

bring, offer

prosh,negka

proshnei,cqhn

prose,neika

profhteu,w

profhteu,sw

evprofh,teusa

prophesy

ptai,w

ptai,sw

e;ptaisa

e;ptaika

stumble

page 190

Present/Active

Future/Active

Aorist/Active

Perfect/Active

Perfect/M.P.

Aorist/Passive

punqa,nomai

peu,somai

evpuqo.mhn

pe,pusmai

inquire, investigate

pwle,w

pwlh,sw

evpw,lhsa

evpwlh,qhn

sell

pwro,w

evpw,rwsa

pepw,rwka

evpwrw,qhn

petrify

r`anti,zw

r`antiw/

evra,ntisa

sprinkle, purify

r`h,gnumi

r`h,xw

e;rrhxa

e;rrhca

e;rrhgmai

evrrh,cqhn

r`h,ssw

tear, burst, break out

r`i,ptw

r`i,yw

e;rriya

e;rrifa

e;rrimmai

evrri,fqhn

throw

evrri,fhn

r`u,omai

r`u,somai

evrrusa,mhn

evrru,sqhn

rescue, deliver

saleu,w

saleu,sw

evsa,leusa

sesa,leumai

evsaleu,qhn

shake

salpi,zw

salpi,sw

esa,lpisa

sesa,lpigktai (3s)

trumpet

salpiw/

evsa,lpigxa

sbe,nnumi

sbe,sw

e;sbesa

e;sbhka

e;sbesmai

evsbe,sqhn

extinguish

page 191

Present/Active

Future/Active

Aorist/Active

Perfect/Active

Perfect/M.P.

Aorist/Passive

sei,w

sei,sw

e;seisa

se,seika

se,seismai

evsei,sqhn

shake

shmai,nw

shmanw/

evsh,mhna

sesh,magka

sesh,masmai

evshma,nqhn

indicate beforehand, signify

evsh,mana

siga,w

sigh,sw

evsi,ghsa

sesi,ghka

sesi,ghmai

evsigh,qhn

be silent

siwpa,w

siwph,sw

evsiw,phsa

sesiw,phka

be silent

skandali,zw

evskanda,lisa

evskandali,sqhn

cause to stumble

skhno,w

skhnw,sw

evskh,nwsa

pitch tents, dwell

sklhru,nw

sklhrunw/

evsklh,runa

evsklh,rusmai

evsklhru,nqhn

harden

skope,w

skoph,sw

evsko,phsa

evsko,phmai

notice

skorpi,zw

skorpiw/

evsko,rpisa

evskorpi,sqhn

scatter

skoti,zomai

evsko,tismai

evskoti,sqhn

become dark

spei,rw

sperw/

e;speira

e;sparka

e;sparmai

evspa,rhn

sow

page 192

Present/Active

Future/Active

Aorist/Active

Perfect/Active

Perfect/M.P.

Aorist/Passive

speu,dw

speu,sw

e;speusa

e;speuka

e;speusmai

hurry

spouda,zw

spouda,sw

evspou,dasa

evspou,daka

evspou,dasmai

evpouda,sqhn

be eager

stauro,w

staurw,sw

evstau,rwsa

evstau,rwmai

evstaurw,qhn

crucify

stena,zw

stena,xw

evste,naxa

evste,nagmai

sigh, groan

sthri,zw

sthri,xw

evsth,rixa

evsth,rigmai

evsthri,cqhn

establish

sthriw/

evsth,risa

stre,fw

stre,yw

e;streya

e;strofa

e;strammai

evstra,fhn

turn

e;strafa

evstre,fqhn

strwnnu,w

storw/

evsto,resa

e;strwka

evsto,resmai

evstrw,qhn

strw,nnumi

strw,sw

sto,rnumi

spread out

sugce,w

sune,cea

sugke,cumai

sunecu,qhn

sugcu,nnw

[pour together], confuse, trouble

sullamba,nw

sullh,myomai

sune,labon

sunei,lhfa

sulei,lhmmai

sunelh,mfqhn

grasp, support

sumbai,nw

sumbh,somai

sune,bhn

sumbe,bhka

meet, happen

page 193

Present/Active

Future/Active

Aorist/Active

Perfect/Active

Perfect/M.P.

Aorist/Passive

sumbiba,zw

sumbiba,sw

sunebi,basa

bring together, conclude, prove, teach [causal form of sumbai,nw]

sumfe,rw

sunh,negka

sunenh,noca

be beneficial

sunh,negkon

sumfwne,w

sumfwnh,sw

sunefw,nhsa

agree, harmonize

suna,gw

suna,xw

sunh,gagon

sunh/ca

sunh/gmai

sunh,cqhn

gather

sunh/xa

sunerge,w

sunh,rghsa

sunh,rghka

work with, cooperate

sune,rcomai

suneleu,somai

sunh/lqon

sunelh,luqa

assemble, travel together

sune,cw

sune,xw

sune,scon

hold together, press hard

suni,hmi

sunh,sw

sunh/ka

sunei/ka

suni,w

understand

suni,sthmi

sunth,sw

sune,sthsa

sune,sthka

sunista,nw

sune,staka

sunista,w

present, demonstrate, commend, continue

suntele,w

suntele,sw

suntele,sqhn

complete, accomplish

page 194

Present/Active

Future/Active

Aorist/Active

Perfect/Active

Perfect/M.P.

Aorist/Passive

suntre,cw

sundramou/mai

sune,dramon

sundedra,mhka

run together

suntri,bw

suntri,yw

sune,triya

sunetri,bhn

smash, crush

sfa,zw

sfa,xw

e;sfaxa

e;sfaka

e;sfagmai

evsfa,ghn

sfa,ttw

evsfa,cqhn

slaughter

sfragi,zw

evsfra,gisa

evsfragi,sqhn

seal

sci,zw

sci,sw

e;scisa

e;scismai

evsci,sqhn

split

sw,|zw

sw,sw

e;swsa

se,swka

se,swsmai

evsw,qhn

save

se,swmai

tapeino,w

tapeinw,sw

evtapei,nwsa

evtapeinw,qhn

make low

tara,ssw

tara,xw

evta,raxa

te,trhka

teta,ragmai

evtara,cqhn

stir up

ta,ssw

ta,xw

e;taxa

te,taca

te,tagmai

evtacqhn

place, appoint, determine

evta,ghn

teleio,w

evtelei,wsa

tetelei,wka

tetelei,wmai

evteleiw,qhn

complete

teleuta,w

teleuth,sw

evteleu,thsa

teteleu,thka

e,teleuth,qhn

come to an end, die

page 195

Present/Active

Future/Active

Aorist/Active

Perfect/Active

Perfect/M.P.

Aorist/Passive

tele,w

tele,sw

evtele,sa

tete,leka

tete,lesmai

evtele,sqhn

finish

thre,w

thrh,sw

evth,rhsa

teth,rhka

teth,rhmai

evthrh,qhn

keep, guard, preserve

ti,qhmi

qh,sw

e;qhka

te,qeika

te,qeimai

evte,qhn

tiqe,w

evqe,mhn

te,qhka

put, place

e;qhn

ti,ktw

te,xw

e;tekon

te,toka

te,tegmai

evtecqhn

give birth to

e;texa

tima,w

timh,sw

evti,mhsa

teti,mhka

teti,mhmai

evtimh,qhn

value, honor

tolma,w

tolmh,sw

evto,lmhsa

teto,lmhka

dare

tre,fw

qre,yw

e;qreya

te,trofa

te,qrammai

evqre,fqhn

feed

e;trafon

te,trafa

evtra,fhn

tre,cw

qre,xomai

e;dramon

dedra,mhka

dedra,mhmai

run

dramou/mai

e;qrexa

tugca,nw

teu,xomai

e;tucon

te,teuca

te,teugmai

evteu,cqhn

meet, experience, happen to be

evtu,chsa

tetu,chka

tu,ptw

tu,yw

e;tuya

te,tufa

te,tummai

evtu,fqhn

strike, beat

tupth,sw

evtu,pthsa

tetu,pthka

tetu,pthmai

evtupth,qhn

e;tupon

evtu,phn

[> pata,ssw 'strike' used in the fut. and aor. in Attic and LXX]

page 196

Present/Active

Future/Active

Aorist/Active

Perfect/Active

Perfect/M.P.

Aorist/Passive

tuflo,w

evtu,flwsa

tetu,flwka

blind

u`bri,zw

u`briw/

u[brisa

u[brika

u[brismai

u`bri,sqhn

mistreat

u`giai,nw

u`gianw/

u`gi,ana

be healthy

u`mne,w

u`mnh,sw

u[mnhsa

sing praise

u`pakou,w

u`pakou,somai

u`ph,kousa

obey, grant one's request

u`pa,rcw

u`a,rxw

u`ph/rxa

u[phrgmai

exist, be present, be

u`pere,cw

u`pere,xw

u`pere,scon

have power over, surpass

u`podei,knumi

u`podei,xw

u`e,deixa

u`podeiknu,w

show, indicate

u`pome,nw

u`pomenw/

u`pe,meina

remain

u`pomimnh|,skw

u`pomnh,sw

u`pe,mnhsa

u`pemnh,sqhn

remind

u`pota,ssw

u`potagh,somai

u`pe,taxa

u`pote,tagmai

u`peta,ghn

subject, be subordinated

page 197

Present/Active

Future/Active

Aorist/Active

Perfect/Active

Perfect/M.P.

Aorist/Passive

u`stere,w

u`sterh,sw

u`ste,rhsa

u`ste,rhka

u`sterh,qhn

miss, lack, be inferior

u`yo,w

u`yw,sw

u[ywsa

u`yw,qhn

lift up

fai,vnw

fanw/

e;fana

pe,fagka

pe,fasmai

evfa,nhn

shine

fanh,somai

e;fhna

pe,fhna

evfa,nqhn

fanero,w

fanerw,sw

evfane,rwsa

pefane,rwka

pefane,rwmai

evfanerw,qhn

reveal

fei,domai

fei,somai

evfeisa,mhn

spare, refrain from

fe,rw

oi;sw

h;negka

evnh,noca

evnh,vnegmai

hvne,cqhn

bear, carry

h;negkon

feu,gw

feu,xomai

e;fugon

pe,feuga

flee, escape

fh,mi

fh,sw

e;fhn

e,fa,qhn

say

e;fn

e;fhsa

fqa,nw

fqh,somai

e;fqasa

e;fqaka

evfqa,sqhn

precede, arrive

pe,fqaka

fqei,rw

fqerw/

e;fqeira

e;fqarka

e;fqarmai

evfqa,rhn

destroy, corrupt

file,w

filh,sw

e,fi,lhsa

pefi,lhka

pefi,lhmai

e,filh,qhn

love

page 198

Present/Active

Future/Active

Aorist/Active

Perfect/Active

Perfect/M.P.

Aorist/Passive

fimo,w

fimw,sw

evfi,mwsa

evfimw,qhn

tie shut, muzzle

fobe,w

fobh,sw

evfo,bhsa

pefo,bhmai

evfobh,qhn

be afraid

foneu,w

foneu,sw

evfo,neusa

murder

fore,w

fore,sw

evfo,resa

pefo,rhka

pefo,rhmai

evforh,qhn

wear

forh,sw

frone,w

fronh,sw

evfro,nhsa

pefro,nhka

think

froure,w

frourh,sw

evfrou,rhsa

pefrou,rhmai

evfrourh,qhn

confine, guard

fula,ssw

fula,xw

evfu,laxa

pefu,laca

pefu,lagmai

evfula,cqhn

protect

futeu,w

futeu,sw

evfu,teusa

pefu,teuka

pefu,teumai

evfuteu,qhn

plant

fu,w

fu,sw

e;fusa

pe,fuka

evfu,hn

grow up

fuh,sw

fwne,w

fwnh,sw

evfw,hsa

evfwnh,qhn

call

fwti,zw

fwti,sw

evfw,tisa

evfwti,sqhn

give light

fwtiw/

page 199

Present/Active

Future/Active

Aorist/Active

Perfect/Active

Perfect/M.P.

Aorist/Passive

cai,rw

carh,somai

evcai,rhsa

keca,rhka

keca,rhmai

evca,rhn

rejoice

cala,w

cala,sw

evca,lasa

keca,lasmai

evcala,sqhn

let down, lower

cari,zomai

cari,somai

evcarisa,mhn

keca,rismai

ecari,sqhn

give freely, forgive

corta,zw

evco,rtasa

evcorta,sqhn

feed, satisfy

cra,omai

crh,somai

evcrhsa,mhn

ke,crhmai

evcrh,sqhn

use

crhmati,zw

crhmati,sw

evcrhma,tisa

kecrhma,tika

kecrhma,tismai

evcrhmati,sqhn

give a revelation or warning, be called or named

cri,w

cri,sw

e;crisa

ke,crika

ke,crimai

evcri,sqhn

anoint

ke,crismai

cwre,w

cwrh,sw

evcw,rhsa

kecw,rhka

kecw,rhtai (3s)

evcwrh,qhn

make room, give way

cwri,zw

cwri,sw

evcw,risa

kecw,rismai

evcpi,sqhn

divide

ya,llw

yalw/

e;yhla

sing

e;yala

yeu,domai

yeu,somai

e,yeusa,mhn

e;yeusmai

evyeu,sqhn

lie

page 200

Present/Active

Future/Active

Aorist/Active

Perfect/Active

Perfect/M.P.

Aorist/Passive

yhlafa,w

yhlafh,sw

evyhla,fhsa

evyhlafh,qhn

feel, grope after

wvdi,nw

wvdinh,sw

w;dina

suffer birth pangs

wvdi,nhsa

wvfele,w

wvfelh,sw

wvfe,lhsa

wfe,lhka

wvfe,lhmai

wvfelh,qhn

help, benefit, be used to

All verb entries are based on either Bauer-Arndt-Gingrich-Danker, Greek-English Lexicon of the NT and Other Early Christian Literature, second edition, University of Chicago Press, 1980, or on Liddell and Scott, Greek-English Lexicon, Oxford at the Clarendon Press, ninth edition, reprinted in 1978.

The principles of inclusion in the Verb Bank are as follows: All verbs occurring seven times or more combined in the LXX and NT that have at least two principal parts beyond the lexical form (the present tense) appear in the Verb Bank. A few are included that have less than seven occurrences. Verbs like ge,mw (‘be full”), kei,mai (‘lie down’) and sth,kw  (‘stand’) are not included because they occur only in the present and imperfect built on the present stem. The bank is intended to provide principal parts for parsing purposes.

Analytical lexicons are useful occasionally for parsing a difficult verb form. However, the preferred way to recognize correct parsing is achieved by using a verb bank for principal parts, and (if need be) a lu,w chart for prefixes and suffixes: (See pages 11-17; 21-26; 28-29; 33-34; 37-39; 54; 61-62.) The Verb Bank enables the eye, revealing all the principal parts of a verb in configuration, and in a visual context of other alphabetically similar spellings. Because of the superiority of visual memory (over an answer book), the more the Verb Bank is used early on, the less it will be needed later on. Not so with analytical lexicons.

page 201

Index of Biblical Citations

Septuagint

3:11

109

11:27

136

4:7

43

12:12

83

Genesis

4:15

92

12:28

127

42:15

131

4:20

86

12:34

52

49:12b

109

5:1

82

13:3

42,80

2 Samuel

5:8

122

13:28

121

11:11c

131

5:17

50

13:29

125

5:34

50

14:5

10

Job

5:47

96

15:24

84

23:11

46

6:2

5

15:35

93

Isaiah

6:3

82

16:2

77

22:14

131

6:34

4

16:28

45

7:11

89

17:1

117

Amos

8:12

109

18:8

109

5:14

44,116

9:35

115

18:18

36

Tobit

10:1

52

19:14

114

4:3

46

10:8

91

20:6

92

10:11

45

20:8

5

NewTestament

10:26

50

20:14

10

11:1

117

21:13

77

Matthew

11:2,3

59

21:19

113

1:20

91

11:4

59

21:21

116

2:7

5

11:21

128

21:24

89

page 202

Matthew (con'd)

5:29

88

1:62

114

23:23

53

6:8

44,124

1:74

86

23:31

85

7:1

136

2:4

101

24:30

32

7:35

28

2:26

45

26:22

123

8:12

131

3:6

79

26:24

146

10:2

118

3:19

102

26:33

127

10:26

105

4:8

49

26:55

27

10:32

86

4:15

56

27:20

5

11:13

113

4:18

121

27:49

62

11:14

47,49

4:35

86,90

27:55

56

12:11

84

4:38

84

12:36

96

5:4

10,114

Mark

13:12

118

5:5

57

1:19

90

14:9

45

5:18

58

1:22

147

14:38

44

6:2

136

1:24

5

15:3

82

6:27-31

40

2:28

75

15:20

89

6:38

53

3:2

88

16:9

40

6:48

58

3:14

52

7:40

51

4:2

89

Luke

8:2

40

4:23

127

1:3

110

8:5

53

4:31

109

1:21

28

8:13

93

4:38

5

1:27

145

8:26-29

94

5:15

41

1:38

41

8:27

88

page 203

Luke (con'd)

19:13

7

1:23

76

8:39

93

19:48

82

1:29

77

8:50

50

20:6

36

1:38

116

8:54

74,116

20:44

91

1:41

20

9:7

42

21:17

32

1:50

83

11:10

122

22:3

8

2:5

45

11:11

89

22:30

82

2:7

80

11:13

85

22:41

92

2:20

7

12:12

96

22:65

57

3:2

80

13:12

83

22:66

145

3:10

120

14:30

115

23:8

143

3:29

87

15:13

93

23:19

10

3:30

53

15:19

48,52

23:53

123

3:35

89

15:29

92

24:16

114

3:36

86

16:1

113

24:21

27

4:11

76

16:8

109

24:22

136

4:15

120

16:9

85

24:44

96

4:16

98

16:24

74

4:25

45

17:6

131

John !

4:33

51

17:12

136

1:5

8

4:46

91

17:32

81

1:6

77

5:14

41

18:3

8

1:9

76,93

5:24

55

18:4b

124

1:13

84

5:29

80

18:4,5

127

1:14

75

5:35

5

page 204

John (con'd)

8:12

119

12:27

46

5:45

50

8:31

41

12:29

53

6:6

143

8:32

32

12:32

45

6:10

92

8:38

102

12:33

32

6:17

8

8:39

127

12:47

81

6:21

53

8:40

102

13:13

77

6:27

50,58

8:42

28

13:19

51

6:35

46

9:2

44

13:36

43

6:37

55

9:5

119

14:7

43

6:40

42

10:3

116

14:11

6

6:50

121

10:11

116

14:26

89

6:57

58

10:24

127

14:27

122

6:62

91

10:31

44

15:19

128

6:63

55

10:37

127

15:22

128

6:65

36

11:2

149

15:26

4

6:69

36

11:8

146

16:2

52

7:4

127

11:19

150

16:23

123

7:23

127

11:22

45

18:30

124,128

7:30

120

11:33

55

19:4-5

20

7:32

115

12:10

105

19:26

121

7:37

129

12:12

145

19:40

52

7:44

115

12:18

90

20:15

127

7:45

115

12:20

136

20:17

135

8:9

78

12:22

20

20:20

56

page 205

John (con'd)

10:3

74

3:8-10

150

20:24

118

10:12

79

3:21

84

20:26

118

11:2

4

4:2

147

21:25

60

11:17

127

4:4

56

Acts

13:11

119

5:7

147

1:1-2

60

13:45

80

5:8

82

1:4

83

14:23

40

6:2

47

2:3

122

15:2

117

6:4

145

2:13

138

17:18

47

6:7

143

3:18

90

19:13

90

6:15

46

4:2

53

20:16b

130

6:16

123

4:9-10

127

20:20

87

6:22

144

4:20

123

20:28

91

7:6

53

4:23

56

21:23

85

7:7

32

4:29

120

22:1

74

7:17

114

5:4

86

23:9

131

7:25

149

5:8

5

24:19

131

8:3

144

5:14

57

27:12

47

8:7b

147

5:28

36

28:7

93

8:8

86

7:31

119

8:11

56

8:20

47

Romans

8:14

87

8:31

47

1:3

42

8:16-17

144

9:19

136

1:5,6

145

8:17

144

9:20

76

2:25

129

8:19

79

9:34

20

3:3

127

8:24

57

page 206

Romans (con'd)

6:20

79

Galatians

8:28

148

7:9

109

1:7

136

8:29

148

7:10

53

1:10

128

8:31

4,46,150

7:15

48

2:18

91

8:33

46

7:16

74

5:14

114

8:38

148

7:38

150

5:16

130

9:13

120

9:12

81

5:25

143

9:21

120

9:21

80

6:7

32

10:9

129

10:4

76

10:18

123

10:21

119

Ephesians

11:33

77

11:2-5

142

1:3

89,117

12:12

49

11:3

119

1:8

88

12:15

52

11:34

45

1:22

93

12:18

59

14:15

32,88

2:5

87

13:1

41

15:6

84

2:12

83

14:9

81

15:12

4

2:13-24

76

14:13

45

16:11

49

2:20

117

3:3

4

4:2

82

3:18

117

1 Corinthians

4:19

8

2 Corinthians

4:11

115,117

6:5

93

5:5

80

4:15

90

6:13

85

11:16

46

6:17

102

page 207

Philippians

2 Thessalonians

3:14

129

1:1

77

1:5

80

4:11

45

1:6

32

2:15

4

6:3

129

1:24

109

3:10

48

6:4

81

2:2

44

7:7

109

2:13

52

1 Timothy

7:9

52

3:1

41,91

3:1

81

7:19

109

3:2

48

4:4

130

9:27

51

3:17-20

151

4:6

57

11:13

57

4:9

146

5:18

115

12:24

111

4:22

116

5:21

44

13:5

124

5:22

48

13:17,18

5

Colossians

6:11

74

James

1:9

59

6:12

81,91

1:1

51

1:10

79

1:14

20

1:18

145

2 Timothy

2:18

48

2:20,21

118

3:16-17

141

3:2

146

3:18

105

4:7

8

3:9

149

4:14

76

4:3

5,51

Titus

5:12

90

1 Thessalonians

2:9

49

5:14

48

1:8

114

Hebrews

1 Peter

4:13

43

1:1-2

10

1:2

47

4:15

119

2:1

111

1:25

106

5:13

105

3:8

46

2:6

124

page 208

1 Peter (con'd)

2:2

136

Revelation

3:14

47,130

2:15

129

1:4

78

5:6

93

2:26

10

1:5

78,120

2 Peter

3:1

20

1:8

56

3:13

122

4:8

120

2:1

122

1 John

20:15

127

1:1

122

2 John

21:27

114

1:2

75

12

146

22:17

8

page 209

Index of Key Terms and Paradigms

Ablative case 71,83,84

Adverbial genitive of reference 80

Ablative of comparison 83

Adverbial genitive of time 80

Ablative of separation 83

Adverbial uses of t participle 56

Ablative of source 83

Adverbs 111

Ablative of the whole 84

Adversative coordinating conjunctions 137

Absence of indefinite article 113

Analysis of inflections 72

Absolute nominative 77,78

Analytical lexicons 200

Accents 133-136

Anaphoric use 75,76,115

Accusative case 71,89-93

Anarthrous constructions 118-119,121

Accusative of direct object 53,89

Antepenult 133

Accusative of double direct object 53,89

Antithetical parallelism 150

Accusative of extent of time 92

Aorist stem 9

Accusative of general reference 53,90

Aorist subjunctive prohibitions 46

Accusative of specification 92

Aorist tense 7-17

Active voice 4

Aphoristic future 32

Acute accent 133

Apodosis 126-131

Adjectival use of infinitive 52

Appositives 51,56,144

Adjectival genitive 79

Archaic demonstrative pronouns 99

Adjectival use of participle 58

Article functions 115-117

Adjectives 107-110

Articles 113-122

Admonition by the imperative 48

Articular constructions 114,122

Adverbial accusative 91

Ascriptive attributive position 58,122

Adverbial genitive of purpose 80

Associated predication: participle 42

page 210

Assumed open question: condition 129

Comparative subordinating conjunctions 138

Assumed remotely possible: condition 130

Comparative constructions 109

Assumed true: condition 126,127

Complementary accusative 91

Assumed untrue: condition 126,128

Complements 51,52,53,55,59

Assumptive assertions 43

Completed action 8

Attributive positions 122

Concessional clauses 57

Augment 9,27,29,39

Concessional use of participle 57

Basic principle of parsing 43,200

Conditional clauses 57,126-131,138

Bibliography of Greek grammars 70

Conditional sentences 126-131

Bracketing force of the article 114

Conditional use of participle 57

Cardinal numbers 69

Conditions having negative 124

Case and use analysis illustrated 94

Conditions: Class 1 126,127

Case distinctions 73 Conditions:

Class 2 126 128

Causal clauses 56,138

Conditions: Class 3 126,129

Cease [doing something] 50

Conditions: Class 4 47,126,130

Circumflex accent 133

Confrontation: imperative 48

Circumstantial clauses 138

Conjunctions 137-138

Codex Vaticanus—sample uncial 60

Consonant combinations 3d pl/dat pl 65

Cognate accusative 91

Contingency predication 44

Cognate emphatic dative 87

Continuous imperfect 27

Cognate emphatic instrumental 87

Continuous present 20

Command 44,48,49

Contract verbs 3,23-26,29

Comparative adjectives 108

Contraction chart for verbs 30

Comparative adverbs 111

Contractions: mute stems 38

page 211

Coordinating conjunctions 137

Ellipsis 147

Coordination of relative pronouns 102

Elliptical apodoses 131

Correlative adverbs 112

Emphatic denials of futurity 46

Dative absolute 88

Emphatic negative 124

Dative agent 87

Enclitics 135,136

Dative case 71,85,86

Equative verbs 6,76,119,122

Dative of advantage 85

Exhortation: imperative

Dative of apparent object 86

and participle 48,49

Dative of disadvantage 85

First Aor Imv Act 12

Dative of indirect object 85

First Aor Imv Mid 12

Dative of manner 87

First Aor Imv Pass 14,16

Dative of reference 86

First Aor Ind Act 9,11

Dative of time 88

First Aor Ind Mid 11

Declensional inflections 63-69,71,72

First Aor Ind Pass 11

Declensions of nouns 63-67

First Aor Inf Act 12

Defective verbs 6

First Aor Inf Mid 12

Definite article 113

First Aor Inf Pass 14

Definite predication 41,43

First Aor Opt Act 12

Deliberation 46,47

First Aor Opt Mid 12

Demonstrative pronouns 99

First Aor Opt Pass 14

Deponent verbs 6

First Aor Ptc Act 2,61

Direct address 74

First Aor Ptc Mid 12

Divine passive 74

First Aor Ptc Pass 14,62

“Do not begin to” 46,50

First Aor Subjn Act 12

Eight-case system 2

First Aor Subjn Mid 12

page 212

First Aor Subjn Pass 14,16

Genitive of apparent object 81

First Perf Mid /Pass 37

Genitive of apposition 80

First Perf Ptc Act 61

Genitive of comparison 83

First declension nouns 64,71

Genitive of content 80

First perfect tense 35

Genitive of description 79

First person plural exhortations 45

Genitive of separation 83

Five-case system 2

Genitive of source 83

Future Ind Act 33,34

Grammars for exegesis 70

Future Ind Mid 33,34

Grave accent 133

Future Ind Pass 33,34

Hebraism as construct state 119

Future Inf (all voices) 34

Hendiadys 117,149

Future Opt Act 33

Hendiatessarin 117

Future Opt Mid 33

Hendiatrisin 117

Future Opt Pass 33

Historical present 20

Future Ptc (all voices) 34

Hortatory subjunctive 45

Future tense 8,31,32,33,34,46

Immediate demonstrative pronouns 99

Future-Perf Ind Pass 31,33

Immediate present 20

Future-Perf Inf Pass 34

Imperative endings 18

Future-Perf Opt Pass 33

Imperative mood 41,48, 49

Futuristic present 20

Imperative mood: alternatives for 49

Generic use of article 115

Imperative use of indicative 43

Genitive absolute 58,82

Imperative use of participle 59

Genitive case 71,79-82

Imperfect tense 8,27,28,29

Genitive of agent 84

Imprecation 47,49

page 213

Inceptive imperfect 28

Infinitive: salutation 51

Indefinite predication 41

Infinitive: subject of a finite verb 51

Indefinite pronouns 100

Infinitive: substantival 51

Indefinite relative pronouns 101

Infinitive: temporal 53

Independent nominative 77,78

Infinitive: verbal complement 52

Indicative mood 43

Informal implied conditions 130

Indirect discourse 52,53,138

Instrumental agent 87

Inferential coordinating conjunctions 137

Instrumental case 71,87

Inferential imperfect 28

Instrumental dative 87

Infinitive + accusative of gen ref 53,90

Instrumental of manner 87

Infinitive absolute 52

Instrumental of means 87

Infinitive forms 54

Intensive perfect 36

Infinitive mood 42,51-54

Intensive pluperfect 40

Infinitive: adjectival 52

Intensive pronouns 96,149

Infinitive: adverbial 52

Interrogation 43

Infinitive: appositive 51

Interrogative pronouns 96,149

Infinitive: command 49

Irregular superlative adjectives 110

Infinitive: finite verb 52,53

Irregular verbs 6 et passim 153-200

Infinitive: imperative 52,53

Irregularities in the use of conditions 131

Infinitive: object of a finite verb 51

Iterative action 8

Infinitive: object of preposition 51

Iterative imperfect 27

Infinitive: predicate complement 51

Iterative present 20

Infinitive: purpose clause 52

Kind of action 7

Infinitive: result clause 53

Lengthened vowel 29

page 214

Linear action 8

Manner: adverbial use of participle 57

Linear future 32

Manuscript groupings 30

Liquid Aor Imv Act 17

Means: adverbial use of participle 57

Liquid Aor Imv Mid 17

Mi verbs 3,15,16,24,26,29

Liquid Aor Imv Pass 16

Middle voice 5

Liquid Aor Ind Act /Mid /Pass 11

Mixed conditions 131

Liquid Aor Inf Act 17

Mood 41-62,126

Liquid Aor Inf Mid 17

Nasal verbs 3

Liquid Aor Inf Pass 16

Negative coordinating conjunctions 137

Liquid Aor Ptc Act 17

Negative pronouns 103

Liquid Aor Ptc Mid 17

Negatives thesaurus 124,125

Liquid Aor Ptc Pass 16

Negatives uses 123-125

Liquid Aor Subjn Act 17

Nominal clauses 6

Liquid Aor Subjn Mid 17

Nominative case 71,75-78

Liquid Aor Subjn Pass 16

Nominative of apposition 76

Liquid verbs 3

Objective complement 55

Liquid-Nasal futures 34

Objective genitive 79

Literary aorist 10

Omega verbs 3

Locative absolute 88

Optative mood 41,47,130

Locative case 88

Parallelism 139,140,143,144,145,147-150

Locative dative 88

Parsing catchy imperatives 49

Locative of place 88

Participle + accusative of gen ref 90

Locative of sphere 88

Participle: appositive 56

Locative of time 88

Participle: complementary periphrastic 59

page 215

Participle: coordinate with a finite verb 59

Periphrastic imperfect construction 28

Participle: imperatival 49,59

Periphrastic perfect construction 36

Participle: imperative coordinate 59

Periphrastic pluperfect construction 40

Participle: indirect object 56

Periphrastic present construction 20

Participle: key declensions 61,62

Periphrastic verbs 146

Participle: object of finite verb 55

Permission: imperative 48

Participle: object of preposition 56

Personal pronouns 95

Participle: subject of finite verb 55

Pluperfect Act 39

Participle: substantival 55,143

Pluperfect Mid /Pass 39

Participle: verbal complement 59

Pluperfect tense 8,39,40

Participles 42,55-59,143

Possessive dative 85

Partitive genitive 84

Possessive genitive 79

Passive voice 4

Possessive pronouns 97,98

Penult 133

Potentiality: optative 47

Perf Ind Act 137

Predicate attributive participle 58

Perf Inf Act 37

Predicate nominative 55,75

Perf Opt Act 37

Predicate attributive position 58,122

Perf Ptc Act 37

Prepositional ablative 84

Perf Subjn Act 37

Prepositional accusative 93

Perf stem 35

Prepositional dative 88

Perf tense 8,35,36,37,38

Prepositional genitive 82

Periphrastic aorist construction 10

Prepositional locative 88

Periphrastic future construction 32

Prepositions 82,84,88,93,132

Periphrastic future-perfect construction 36

Pres Imv Act 21,23,24

page 216

Pres Imv Mid /Pass 22,25,26

Punctiliar future 32

Pres Ind Act 21,23,24

Pure aorist 10

Pres Ind Mid 22,25,26

Pure perfect 36

Pres Inf Act 21,23,24

Pure pluperfect 40

Pres Inf Mid 22,25,26,54

Purpose clauses 44,52,56,138

Pres Opt Act 21

Qualitative interrogative pronouns 100

Pres Opt Mid 22

Qualitative relative pronouns 103

Pres Ptc Act 21,23,24,61

Quantitative interrogative pronouns 100

Pres Ptc Mid /Pass 21,25,26,62

Quantitative relative pronouns 103

Pres Subjn Act 21,23,24

Questions having negatives 123

Pres Subjn Mid 22,25,26

Quotational conjunction 138

Present stem 9,19,27,29,35,39

Recessive accents in verbs 134

Present tense 8,19-26

Reciprocal pronouns 105

Primary endings 18,19,35

Reduplication 35,38,39

Principal parts of verbs 5

Reflexive pronouns 104

Principles for textual transcription 140

Regular verbs 5

Principles of inclusion: Verb Bank 200

Relative pronouns 101-102

Proclitics 135

Remote demonstrative pronouns 99

Prohibitions 44,46,48,49,50

Request: imperative 48

Prohibitions in 2nd and 3rd persons 46,49

Restrictive attributive position 58,122,145

Pronouns 95-105

Result clauses 44,52,53,56,138

Protasis 126-131

Second Aor Imv Act 13,15

Protasis of Class 4 condition 47

Second Aor Imv Mid 13,15

Punctiliar action 8,32

Second Aor Imv Pass 14,16

page 217

Second Aor Ind Act 9,11,13,15

Simple coordinating conjunctions 137

Second Aor Ind Mid 11,15

Statement clauses 43,138

Second Aor Ind Pass 11,16

Subject nominative 75

Second Aor Inf Act 13,15

Subjective genitive 79

Second Aor Inf Mid 13,15

Subjunctive mood 41,44

Second Aor Inf Pass 14,16

Subjunctive: Class 3 conditions 45

Second Aor Opt Act 13

Subjunctive: deliberations 46

Second Aor Opt Mid 13

Subjunctive: emphatic denials of futurity 46

Second Aor Ptc Act 13,15

Subjunctive: indefinite relative clauses 45

Second Aor Ptc Mid 13,15

Subjunctive: indirect command 44

Second Aor Ptc Pass 14,16

Subjunctive: prohibitions 46

Second Aor Subjn Act 13,15

Subjunctive: purpose 45

Second Aor Subjn Mid 13,15

Subjunctive: result 44

Second Aor Subjn Pass 14,16

Subjunctive: temporal clauses 45

Second Declension 63,71

Subjunctive: wish 44

Second Perf Ind Act 38

Subordinating conjunctions 138

Second Perf Opt Act 38

Subordination 139,140,146

Second Perf Ptc Act 38

Superlative adjectives 110

Second Perf Subjn Act 38

Superlative adverbs 111

Second Pluperfect 39

Synonymous parallelism 149

Second perfect tense 35, 38

Synthetic parallelism 150

Secondary endings 9,18,27,29,39

Temporal clauses 45,56,138

Simple action 7

Textual transcription 2,139-152

Simple adjectives 107

Textual trans : technical guidelines 143-150

page 218

Third declension adjectives 68,69,107,108

Verb-ending patterns 18

Third declension irregular adjectives 67

Verbal complement 52,53

Third declension nouns 65-67,71

Verbal contraction chart 30

Third declension simple adjective 67-69,107

Verbal participles 59

Translation options: Aorist Ind 9

Verbs taking the genitive 81,82

Translation options: Future 31

Versatility of Greek article 114

Translation options: Imperfect 27

Vocative case 71,74

Translation options: Imperative 3rd per 48

Voice 4

Translation options: Perfect 35,37

Volitional future 32

Translation options: Pluperfect 39

Volitional optative 47,49

Translation options: Present Ind 19,21,22

Volitional predication 41,44,47,48,49

Translations of Greek article 120

Ways to denote possession 98

Ultima 133

Ways to express agency 87

Uncertain fulfillment 44

Ways to show reciprocity 105

Uncial manuscript 60

Westcott and Hort’s NT textual groupings 30

Underlining 148

Word of the Lord quotations 106

Unlimited predication: infinitive 42

Unrestricted use of participle 57

Variable vowel 9,19,27

Note: All the verbal paradigms have been set up

Verb bank of principal parts 153-200

in the order of Tense, Mood, Voice

.

page 70

Useful Grammars for Exegesis

The heavy grammars listed here have scriptural indices that are the key to their usefulness for exegesis. Timothy Owings correlated the scriptural indices of 1 grammars, including all but one of those listed below, in a work entitled: A Cumulative Index the New Testament Greek Grammars, Baker, 1983.

The grammars cited in this Enchiridion are referred to by author and initial capitals of the title. They are listed here according to my preference of their value for exegesis. Another order could be used were one to evaluate them by a different criterion.

The four-volume set published by T. & T. Clark of Edinburgh:

I. Prolegomena, 3d ed., 1978

II. Accidence and Word Formation, 1979 [coauthor: W.F. Howard]

III. Syntax, 1963 [coauthor: Nigel Turner]

IV. Style, 1976  [exclusive author: Nigel Turner].

Robertson, A.T., A Grammar of the Greek New Testament in the Light of Historical Research. 4th ed. Nashville: Broadman, 1923.

Moule, C.F.D. An Idiom Book of NT Greek. Cambridge University Press, 2d ed., 1959.

Burton, E. de Witt, Syntax of the Moods and Tenses in NT Greek. Edinburgh: T.&T. Clark, 1898,1973.

Blass, F. and Debrunner, A. A. Grammar of the NT and Other Early Christian Literature. Trans.,  Robert W. Funk. University of Chicago, 1961.

page 18

Verb Ending Patterns (Exclusive of Variable Vowels)

Primary Endings (W verbs)

Secondary Endings (W verbs)

Present

—Ind., Subjn.

Imperfect

—Ind.

Future

—Ind.

Aorist (1 & 2)

—Ind.

Perfect

—Ind. Subjn.

Pluperfect

—Ind.

Aorist (1 & 2)

—Subjn.

Active

Middle / Passive

Active

Middle / Passive

1

(w)   —   men

mai    meqa

(on)   n     men

mhn    meqa

2

(eij) j   te

(h|) [sai]   sqe

(ej)    j     te

[so]    sqe

3

(ei)   —   si, n

tai    ntai

(e, ei)  —   n, san

to      nto

Imperative Endings (W verbs)

Present Active

Present Middle

Aorist 1&2 Active

Aorist 1&2 Middle

Aorist 1&2 Passive

2

(e)

te

ou    sqe

(on, e)    te

(ai, ou)   sqe

(ti, qi)   te

3

tw

ntwn

twsan

sqw   sqwn

sqwsan

tw   ntw

twsan

sqw   sqwn

sqwsan

tw     ntwn

twsan

page 30

Verbal Contraction Chart

final stem vowels:

a

e

o

endings :

e

=

a

ei

ou

h

=

a

h

w

o

=

w

ou

ou

w

=

w

w

w

ei

=

a|,a

ei

oi,ou

h|

=

a|

h|

oi,w|

ou

=

w

ou

ou

oi

=

w|

oi

oi

Westcott and Hort’s NT Textual Groupings

Neutral

Alexandrian

Western

Syrian

B  a

A C Le

D Lvt Gp

(E F G H)e (H L)ap

key:

a = Acts

e = Gospels

p = Paul

vt = Old Testament

Table of Contents

Introduction

Cover

Title Page

Contents

How to Use the Greek Enchiridion

§1 Verbs, Infinitives, Participles, Verb Forms

Verb Forms

Voice

Kinds of Action

Aorist Tense

Present Tense

Imperfect Tense

Future Tense

Perfect Tense

Pluperfect  Tense

Kinds of Action

Mood

Functions of Mood

Indicative Mood

Subjunctive Mood

Optative Mood

Imperative Mood

Mood

Prohibitions

Infinitives

Functions of the Participle

Substantival Participles

Adverbial Participles

Adjectival Participles

Verbal Participles

Key Declensions of the Participle

Participles

§2 Nouns, Case Usage, Pronouns

Declensions of Nouns

Declensional Inflections

Case Distinctions

Vocative Case

Nominative Case

Genitive Case

Ablative Case

Dative Case

Instrumental Case

Locative Case

Accusative Case

Case Distinctions

Case and Use Analysis

Personal Pronouns

Intensive Pronouns

Possessive Pronouns

Demonstrative Pronouns

Indefinite Pronouns

Interrogative Pronouns

Relative Pronouns

Coordination of Relative Pronouns

Pronoun Paradigms

§3 Adjectives, Adverbs Articles

Comparative and Superlative

Adverbs

Adjectives

Comparative and Superlative

Articles

Functions of the Article

Anarthrous Construction

Translation of the Greek Article

Articles

Attributive Position

§4 Negatives, Conditional Sentences, Propositions, Accents, Conjunctions

Negatives

Conditional Sentences

Class 1 Conditions

Class 2 Conditions

Class 3 Conditions

Class 4 Conditions

Irregularities in the Use of Conditions

Conditional Sentences

Prepositions

Accents

Proclitics and Enclitics

Conjunctions

§5 Textual Transcription Technique

Textual Transcription Technique

Principles for Textual Transcription

2Ti 3:16 -4:2 Transcribed

1 Corinthians 11:2-5 Transcribed

Technical Guidelines

Philippians 3:17-20 Transcribed

Luke 6:27-31 Transcribed

Indices

§6 A Verb Bank of Principal_Parts

Index of Biblical Citations

Index of Key Terms and Paradigms

Table of Contents

Cover

Title Page

Contents

How to Use the Greek Enchiridion

Verb Forms

Voice

Kinds of Action

Aorist Tense

Present Tense

Imperfect Tense

Future Tense

Perfect Tense

Pluperfect  Tense

Mood

Functions of Mood

Indicative Mood

Subjunctive Mood

Optative Mood

Imperative Mood

Prohibitions

Infinitives

Functions of the Participle

Substantival Participles

Adverbial Participles

Adjectival Participles

Verbal Participles

Key Declensions of the Participle

Declensions of Nouns

Declensional Inflections

Case Distinctions

Vocative Case

Nominative Case

Genitive Case

Ablative Case

Dative Case

Instrumental Case

Locative Case

Accusative Case

Case and Use Analysis

Personal Pronouns

Intensive Pronouns

Possessive Pronouns

Demonstrative Pronouns

Indefinite Pronouns

Interrogative Pronouns

Relative Pronouns

Coordination of Relative Pronouns

Comparative and Superlative

Adverbs

Adjectives

Comparative and Superlative

Articles

Functions of the Article

Anarthrous Construction

Translation of the Greek Article

Attributive Position

Negatives

Conditional Sentences

Class 1 Conditions

Class 2 Conditions

Class 3 Conditions

Class 4 Conditions

Irregularities in the Use of Conditions

Prepositions

Accents

Proclitics and Enclitics

Conjunctions

Textual Transcription Technique

Principles for Textual Transcription

2Ti 3:16 -4:2 Transcribed

1 Corinthians 11:2-5 Transcribed

Technical Guidelines

Philippians 3:17-20 Transcribed

Luke 6:27-31 Transcribed

§6 A Verb Bank of Principal_Parts

Index of Biblical Citations

Index of Key Terms and Paradigms